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Language Files, Linguistics, Ch3
n/a
37
Language - Other
Undergraduate 3
12/11/2012

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Term
Allophone
Definition
One of a set of noncontrastive realizations of the same phoneme; an actual phonetic segment)
Term
Alternation
Definition
In phonology, a different between two or more phonetic forms that one might expect to be related. In morphology, the morphological process that uses morpheme-internal modifications to make new words or morphological distinctions
Term
Assimilation
Definition
A process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some feature(s)
Term
Basic Allophone
Definition
The allophone of a phoneme that is used when none of the change-inducing conditions are fulfilled. Of a set of allophones, it is generally least limited in where it can occur; also termed the elsewhere allophone
Term
Complementary Distribution
Definition
The occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme
Term
Conditioning Environment
Definition
Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change
Term
Contrastive
Definition
A term used to describe two sounds that can be used to differentiate words in a language
Term
Contrastive Distribution
Definition
The occurrence of sounds in a language such that theur use distinguishes between the meanings of the words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in question. Sounds that are in contrastive distribution are allophones of different phonemes
Term
Deletion
Definition
In phonology, a process by which a sound present in the phonemic form (= underlying form) is removed from the phonetic form in certain environments. In speech production, a production error involving the inadvertent omission of units
Term
Derivation
Definition
In phonology, a process by which an underlying form is changed as phonological rules act upon it. In morphology, a morphological process that changes a word's lexical category or its meaning in some predictable way
Term
Dissimilation
Definition
Process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature
Term
Distribution
Definition
The set of phonetic environments in which a sound occurs
Term
Environment
Definition
The contexts that immediately precede and follow a sound
Term
Free Variation
Definition
Term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words
Term
Insertion
Definition
Phonological process by which a segment not present in the phonemic (or underlying) form is added in the phonetic form
Term
Labial
Definition
A member of a natural class of sounds produced with the lips; includes both bilabial and labiodental sounds
Term
Metathesis
Definition
Switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other
Term
Minimal Pair
Definition
Two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings
Term
Natural Class
Definition
Group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language
Term
Near-Minimal Pair
Definition
Similar to a minimal pair, but whereas the words in a minimal pair are identical apart from the contrastive sounds, the words in a near-minimal pair are only almost identical, apart from the contrastive sounds
Term
Noncontrastive
Definition
A term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language
Term
Obligatory Rule
Definition
Phonological, morphological, or syntactic rule that applies in the speech of all speakers of a language or dialect, regardless of style or rate of speech
Term
Obstruent
Definition
A natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off. Includes oral stops, fricatives, and affricates
Term
Optional Rule
Definition
Phonological, morphological, or syntactic rule that may or may not apply in an individual's speech
Term
Overlapping Distribution
Definition
The occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environments
Term
Phoneme
Definition
A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound; a mental entity (or category) related to various allophones by phonological rules. Phonemes are written between slashes, for example, /t/
Term
Phonological Rule
Definition
The description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears
Term
Phonology
Definition
The study of the sound system of a language, how the particular sounds contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information, and how such systems differ from one language to another
Term
Phonotactic Constraint
Definition
Restriction on possible combinations of sounds, often in particular environments
Term
Restricted Allophone
Definition
An allophone of a phoneme that applies in a more limited set of phonetic environments
Term
Sibilant
Definition
A member of the natural class of sounds that are characterized by a high-pitched hissing quality
Term
Sonorant
Definition
Sound (usually voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow. Nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels are all in this class
Term
Sound Substitution
Definition
A process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word
Term
Strengthening
Definition
A process through which sounds are made "stronger" according to some criterion
Term
Underlying Form
Definition
The phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied
Term
Vowel Harmony
Definition
Long distance assimilation between vowels
Term
Weakening
Definition
A process through which sounds are made "weaker" according to some criterion
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