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| in relation to language, refers to the fact that word's meaning is not predictable from its linguistic form, nor is its form dictated by its meaning |
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| A way of representing a language by replacing units of the language (morphemes, words, or written characters) with different symbols, yet preserving the structure of the original language |
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| The process through which information is communicated, consisting of an information source, transmitter signal, receiver, and destination |
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| A language that has been designed by an individual or a group of individuals for some particular purpose, such as use in a function world or for international communication, but that did not originate as the native language of any speech community |
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| Something that is established, commonly agreed upon, or operating in a certain way according to common practice. When an arbitrary relationship of a linguistic sign and its meaning is conventionalized, the linguistic sign bears a constant relationship only because people consistently use that linguistic sign to convey that meaning |
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| Property of a communication system referring to the fact that at least some aspects of it are learned through interaction with other users of the system |
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| Objective description of a speaker's knowledge of a language (competence) based on their use of the language (performance) |
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| Design Features (of a Language) |
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Definition
| A set of nine descriptive characteristics of language, first introduced by the linguist Charles Hockett. Each design feature is a necessary condition for a communication system to be considered a language (Mode of Communication, Semanticity, Pragmatic Function, Interchangeability, Cultural Transmission, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, Displacement, and Productivity) |
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| The property of some communication systems by which complex messages may be built up out of smaller parts |
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| The property of some communication systems that allows them to e used to communicate about things, actions, and ideas that are not present at the place or time where communication is taking place |
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| The structure or shape of any particular linguistic item, from individual segments to strings of words |
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| A communication system, such as one of the many systems of logical notation or most computer languages, that has both semantic and syntactic rules and that encodes ideas with symbols that represent particular meanings, but that could never be the native language of a human |
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| A system of linguistic elements and rules |
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| A term used to describe a sentence that is in accordance with the descriptive grammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules. When some phrasal expression is constructed in accordance with the syntactic rules of a language, we say it is grammatical, or syntactically well-formed |
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| The property of a communication system by which all individuals have the ability to both transmit and review messages |
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| An abstract cognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances |
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| Relationship between form and meaning such that the form of a word bears a resemblance to its meaning |
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| A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form, meaning, morpholoical, and syntactic properties. As a part of a descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental lexicon, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions (e.g. their form and syntactic category) |
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| Someone who studies the structure of language and its use |
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| What we know when we know a language, the unconscious knowledge that a speaker has about her or his native language |
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| the observable use of language. The actualization of one's linguistic competence |
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| The combination of a linguistic form and meaning |
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| the scientific study of language |
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| The mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units of his native language |
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| Modality / Mode of Communication |
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Definition
| Means through which a message is transmitted for any given communication system |
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| A language that has evolved naturally in a speech community. |
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| Interference in the communication chain |
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| Direct correspondence between the physical properties of a form and the meaning that the form refers to |
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| Iconic use of words that are imitative of sounds occuring in nature or that have meanings that are associated with such sounds |
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| Errors in language production or comprehension, including hesitations and slips of the tongue |
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| The useful purpose of any given communication system |
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| A set of rules designed to give instructions regarding the socially embedded notion of the "correct" or "proper" way to speak or write |
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| Describes a rule (such as a morphological rule stating under what circumstances an affix may be added to a stem) that can be applied in novel situations to produce novel grammatical forms |
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| The capacity of a communication system (unique to human language) for novel messages built out of discrete units to be produced and understood |
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| A formal statement of an observed generalization about patterns in language |
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| Property of having signals that convey a meaning, shared by all communication systems |
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| Phenomenon by which certain sounds are evocative of a particular meaning |
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Definition
| Utterances of any language—both auditory-vocal languages and visual-gestural languages. (May sometimes be used to refer specifically to utterances of auditory-vocal languages; however, this is not the most commonly intended meaning of the term and applies in this book only when auditory-vocal languages and visual-gestural languages are being directly contrasted with one another |
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Definition
| Not in accordance with the descriptive grammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules. When some phrasal expression is not constructed in accordance with the syntactic rules of a language, we say it is ungrammatical or syntactically ill-formed |
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