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Language and Thought
Chapter 9 of Nairne's Psychology 5th Edition
28
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/05/2010

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Cards

Term
thinking
Definition
processes that underlie the mental manipulation of knowledge, ususally to reach a goal or solve a problem
Term
grammar
Definition
rules of the language allowing us to combine arbitrary symbols to convey meaning
Term
phonology
Definition
rules governing how sounds are combined in words
Term
syntax
Definition
rules governing how words are combined to form sentances
Term
semantics
Definition
rules used to communicate meaning
Term
phonemes
Definition
smallest significant sound units in speech; k-r-i i-ng b-oy
Term
morphemes
Definition
smallest units in language that carry meaning; the cry-ing boy
Term
surface sructure
Definition
the literal ordering of the words in a sentance
Term
deep structure
Definition
the underlying representation of meaning in a sentance
Term
pragmatics
Definition
practical knowledge used to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and to produce an effective response
Term
category
Definition
a class of objects that most agreed belong together
Term
defining features
Definition
se of features used to justify categorization
Term
family resemblance
Definition
core features that category memebers share, members may have some but not all features
Term
prototype
Definition
best, most representative member of category
Term
category exemplars
Definition
specific examples of category that are stored in long term memory
Term
basic-level categories
Definition
level in category hierarchy that provides most useful and predictive information, usually found in intermediate level
Term
well-defined problem
Definition
has a well stated goal, clear starting point, and an easy way to tell when solved.
Term
ill-defined problem
Definition
no well stated goal, no clear starting point, and no mechanism for evaluating progress
Term
fundmental fixedness
Definition
tendency to see objects and their functions in certain typical ways
Term
algorithms
Definition
step by step procedure that guarantees a problem solution
Term
heuristics
Definition
rule of thumb to solve problems, quick process that doesn't guarantee solution
Term
means-ends analysis
Definition
heuristic that reduces distance b/t start and solution
Term
working backwards
Definition
start at the goal and move towards the starting point to understand how to reach the goal
Term
searching for analogies
Definition
connecting to current problem to one you have already succefully solved
Term
mental set
Definition
tendency to rely on well established strategies while problem solving
Term
insight
Definition
moment when a problem solution suddenly comes to mind
Term
decision making
Definition
evaluating and choosing from a set of alternatives
Term
framing
Definition
way in which alternatives in a decision-making situation are structured
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