Term
| interactive view of language |
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Definition
| language is so much a part of the rest of our cognitive system that it would be misleading to consider it a separate module |
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Definition
| language signals are arbitrary in that there is no resemblance between the signal and the thing that signal represents --> word dog does not look like a furry creature |
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Definition
| scientists who study the biology and behavior of primates |
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Definition
| step by step procedures used to get information |
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Definition
| a set of grammatical rules that specifies how sentences can be constructed |
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Term
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Definition
| language signals are distinct, or discrete: they do not vary continuously --> don't say "dog" in pitches to signify big or small dog, add a discrete signal if the size is wanted like huge or small |
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Term
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Definition
| humans' use of language is very creative, words are elements can be combined in many novel ways, original utterances, comprehension is quite easy |
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Term
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Definition
| we are able to think only in terms of concepts that represent distinctions in our language, our language places strong boundaries on what we think |
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Term
| representational level (Marr) |
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Definition
| how the computational tasks are accomplished as a set of steps (answer) |
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Term
| continuity view on language evolution |
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Definition
| theories that rely more on primatology, believes that languages evolved gradually from the system of gestures and calls of the ancestors of modern humans, we should be able to see some elements of language ability in other existing primates whose early ancestors we share, do not see a division between communication and thinking abilities in humans and primates, less likely to view language as a separate module, language came about gradually as mental abilities changed, and these changes made possible increasingly sophisticated communication |
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Term
| computational level (Marr) |
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Definition
| what kinds of problems vision solves for us? (ask) |
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Term
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Definition
| we know and pronounce words easier because of our tacit knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized system for performing a certain kind of mental task |
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Term
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Definition
| they study the nature of language (rules governing the organization of words into sentences) |
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Term
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Definition
| where consonants are articulated in the mouth (ex: alveolar ridge) |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic sounds units, such as the /d/ sound |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns in language signals occur on two levels: symbols that are meaningful, discrete, and arbitrary AND the smaller units that do not have the meaning on their own but make up the meaningful symbols |
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Definition
| language disorders caused by damage to the brain |
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Definition
| the structure of words and rules for building words out of pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| the tacit knowledge of grammar that underlies all languages |
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Definition
| study the role of language in early human evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| where transformations that are allowed by the grammar of a language can move some elements to different places |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge not of the explicit sort that can be articulated, rather knowledge that is often difficult to describe and we are not consciously aware we are using it |
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Term
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Definition
| language is founded on a set of innate ideas, the knowledge that language users must have is so subtle and so extensive that at least some of the knowledge must be part of our genetic inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| rules for changing the form of a word to fit the word's role in a sentence ( add -ed to show past tense) |
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Definition
| with our tacit knowledge we know some combinations of words can't work |
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Term
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Definition
| syntactic rules for moving, deleting, or adding elements within a phase structure |
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Term
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Definition
| language signals are symbols that convey meaning (language signals are associated w/ things in this world --> word "dog" = furry thing that barks, any associative relationship between the sign (symbol/language signal) and the thing being represented (referent) --> Hockett, symbols being associated with internal concepts that represent objects and actions in the world |
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Term
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Definition
| the question of how language operates in the context of the rest of our mental processes |
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Term
| glides (manner of articulation) |
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Definition
| no obstruction of air flow in mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of transitions between a series of states or elements, each state, which is a word or category leads to the next state |
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Term
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Definition
| sound is accompanied by a puff of air |
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Term
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Definition
| any given language has a set of rules that specifies permissible sound combinations, the sound pattern of language, including basic elements (phonemes) and the rules for their combination |
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Term
| stops (manner of articulation) |
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Definition
| produced by blocking and then releasing the air stream |
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Term
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Definition
| technical name given to our knowledge of words (consists of morphemes and rules for combining them) |
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Term
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Definition
| morphemes that can stand alone as a word (help) |
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Term
| nasals (manner of articulation) |
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Definition
| depends on where your tongue is |
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Term
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Definition
| how language can generate an infinite capacity for expression out of a finite system of sounds or gestures within a limited capacity brain |
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Term
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Definition
| language allows us to communicate about things that are physically and temporally displaced, talk about things not present/in the past/future/don't exist (cannot show it though unless we have some type of memory system that preserves information from our past) |
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Term
| informationally encapsulated |
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Definition
| module receives info from earlier modeules and gives info to later modules, but the processing is strictly data driven, or bottom up |
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Term
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Definition
| morphemes that must be combined with another morpheme (suffix -ful to help) |
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Term
| implementation level (Marr) |
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Definition
| how the processes described at the representational level can be accomplished physically (answer) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of altering a sound to make it more like an adjacent sound |
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Term
| liquids (manner of articulation) |
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Definition
| produced with a slight obstruction of the air flow in the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| sound produced by the vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| rules for combining morphemes so that the meaning or grammatical category is changed (help + -er, verb to a noun) |
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Term
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Definition
| the wording of a problem tends to affect people's choices even when differences in the wording do not change the logic of the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| our tacit knowledge of language has this innately built in (we know there can only be one past tense verb) |
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Term
| discontinuity view on language evolution |
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Definition
| theories that place more emphasis on linguistic evidence, see language as a late-developing ability that is very different from gestures and calls of our hominid ancestors, important evolutionary changes in communication/thinking abilities took place over the millennia, final "recent" changes produced an ability, language that is qualitatively different from communication in other primates, see a shard division between language and other primates communication and a sharp division between language and the rest of our mental abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| how consonant sounds are made (ex: blocking then releasing air) |
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Term
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Definition
| what utterances are acceptable in the language and how different utterances are related to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| each variant of a phoneme (technical term) |
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Term
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Definition
| each input system works with particular kinds of information from whatever system is feeding it information, input system then works with codes that are special to that sensory system, after processing the input system makes the info available to the central systems |
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Term
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Definition
| phonemes are combined to make up these meaningful units (do not have to be a word, untie = 2 of them) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the elements appear in their expected places based on general phase structure rules |
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Term
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Definition
| rules for how literal meaning can be changed by social context |
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Term
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Definition
| people in various cultures think differently because of differences in their languages |
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Term
| fricatives (manner of articulation) |
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Definition
| form a narrow passage and push air through it |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that our cognitive models, like the brain itself, should be based on the parallel distributed processing principle |
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Term
| derivational theory of complexity (DTC) |
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Definition
| in comprehension, people first determine the surface structure of the sentence and then use transformers to map the surface structure onto the deep structure, more transformations that are needed, longer it should take to comprehend the sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| how easily a process can be described in a language |
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Term
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Definition
| each module is implemented in a particular brain region |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of two parts: lingustic relativity and lingusitic determination |
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Term
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Definition
| to generate sentences of infinite length ( add another phrase to end of given sentence) |
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Term
| george miller's magic number |
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Definition
| people can remember 7 plus or minus two chunks of objects in their short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| our tacit knowledge of language has this innately built in (we know there can only be one past tense verb) |
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Term
| linguistic category model |
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Definition
| action, interpretive, state, trait description |
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Term
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Definition
| grammar should be learnable by children |
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Term
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Definition
| makes use of various kinds of codes- especially semantic codes |
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Term
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Definition
| most frequent words tend to be shorter words |
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Term
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Definition
| many activities are going on simultaneously, information processing system can be composed of an interconnected set of units that do not individually store information, info is stored in patterns of activity among units, units are neurons, they are richly interconnected, pass activation to each other, all units participate in every computation, learning happens through changes in connection weights |
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Term
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Definition
| lexical and syntactic differences between languages are mirrored by nonlinguistic cognitive differences, a culture that has different words for two related objects will tend to think about the two objects differently, whereas a culture with only one term for both objects will treat them more similarly |
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Term
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Definition
| a major aspect of the tacit knowledge that people have about language, can be depicted as a set of formal rules for creating sentences out of groups of words (hierarchical relationships) |
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Term
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Definition
| phrases can be embedded inside a simple sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| information that we attend to and recognize (where information resides when we consciously manipulate information) (coding in terms of speech) |
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Term
| affricates (manner of articulation) |
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Definition
| produced by a stop and then a fricative in rapid succession |
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Term
| multistore model (memory) |
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Definition
| human memory consists of three storage systems and a set of control processes that help move information among three storage systems |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability to think hypothetically about a situation that is contrary to fact |
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Term
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Definition
| problem in which one arrives at a solution quite suddenly |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how people take in, store, and retrieve information |
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