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Definition
| systematic and conventional use of sounds, signs or symbols for the purpose of communication or self-expression |
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| sounds and sound system of a language |
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| words and their associated knowledge |
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| system for combining words and parts of words in meaningful ways |
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| system for combining words into a sentence |
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| knowledge which underlies the use of language for communicative purposes |
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Definition
| what speakers do is not as important/interesting as the mental grammar which underlies what speakers do |
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| Biological approach to language |
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Definition
| human capacity for language is best understood as a biological phenomenon/biological process |
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| linguistic approach to language |
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Definition
| presupposes some type of Universal Grammar which can try to describe the nature of the Language acquisition device (which must have some knowledge of the structure of language to be possible) |
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| Social approach to language |
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Definition
| language is a social phenomenon and its development occurs through a social process |
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| Domain-general cognitive approach to language |
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Definition
| language development is a learning problem |
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Definition
| explaining the fact that language is acquired |
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| explaining the course of language development |
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| dynamical systems theory approach to language |
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Definition
| language emerges as a result of continuous interaction of the components of the system and the environment |
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| domain-general approach modeling how knowledge is represented in the brain |
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Definition
| smallest part of a language that conveys meaning |
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Definition
| nature of language and its acquisition have nothing to do with the fact that language is used to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| both language itself and its acquisition are shaped and supported by the communicative function it serves |
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Term
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Definition
| an invented language usually using lexical items from one or more of the contact languages (has very primitive grammar) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a pidgin language acquires children it becomes grammatically more complex |
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| Language bioprogram hypothesis |
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Definition
| humans have internal "core" grammar which makes up part or all of human species specific capacity for syntax |
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Definition
| a cultural item that is transmitted by repetition in a manner analogous to the biological transmission of genes |
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Definition
| ability to adapt physiologically and neuronally in order to process and learn differently |
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Definition
| method of defining functions within applications of functions |
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| equipotentiality hypothesis |
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Definition
| LH not specialized for language at birth - the shift would occur through maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| LH has adult specialization for language from birth |
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Term
| critical/sensitive periods |
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Definition
| some environmental input is necessary but biology determines when the organism is responsive to that input |
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Term
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Definition
| spoken language is merely an extension and enhancement of cognitive capacities to be found among our ape relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual, self-contained segment designed to perform a particular task |
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Definition
| children have effects on listener but don't intend to produce those effects |
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Definition
| awareness that behavior can be used for communication (10mo.) |
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Definition
| behavior has communicative intentions and adultlike forms (12mo.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of sharing one’s experience of observing an object or event, by following gaze or pointing gestures |
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Term
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Definition
| when children start speaking they produce utterances to accomplish goals - start of children using language |
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Definition
| children must learn culturally specific language practices; language as process of socialization |
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| whorfian hypothesis/linguistic determinism |
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Definition
| hypothesis that language influences thought and that differences among languages cause differences in cognition |
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Definition
| theory that developing child constructs his or her understanding of the world on the basis of experience (like scientific method) |
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Definition
| theory that other persons have minds and that mental contents such as beliefs and intentions guide others behaviour |
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| utterance as behavior; notion that talking is doing things with words |
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Definition
| knowledge can arise from the interaction of biologically based learning processes and input from the environment |
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Definition
| language (and knowledge in general)is constructed by the child using inborn mental equipment that operates over information provided by the environment |
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| learning of the co-occurrence of probabilities of experienced stimuli. learning the conditional probabilities of one sound following another |
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Definition
| learning occurs through abstract entities for which different items may be substituted |
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Definition
| recordings of voltage fluctuations in the brain as individual perceives or responds to certain stimuli |
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| brain imaging using the degree to which light passes between points on the scalp as an indicator of blood oxygenation and thus neural activity |
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Definition
| a sound sequence that symbolizes meaning and can stand alone |
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| natural partitions hypothesis |
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Definition
| the world makes obvious the things that take nouns as labels -natural chunks of meaning -which is why children tend to encode nouns first |
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Term
| relational relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| verb meanings do not emerge from the structure of the world - children must figure out meanings by hearing them in use |
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Term
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Definition
| logical problem of learning word meanings that arises because an infinite # of hypotheses about word meaning may be consistent with information in the nonlinguistic context of use |
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Term
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Definition
| guide the child in mapping new words to meaning by constraining the possible interpretations (mutual exclusivity and whole object assumptions) |
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Definition
| principle about how words are used which helps children figure out their meanings |
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| principle of conventionality |
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Definition
| words are used by all speakers to express the same meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| leads children to assume different words have different meanings |
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Term
| syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis |
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Definition
| children find and use clues to the meaning of new words in the syntactic structure of the sentences in which new words are encountered |
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