1803 Marbury v. Madison

·       judicial review- the right to review acts of congress and the president. If the Court found that a law was unconstitutional, it could overrule the law.

1803 Marbury v. Madison

Marshall said the Constitution is the “supreme law of the land and that the Supreme Court has the final say over the meaning of the Constitution “ 

ü  The Supreme Court became an equal partner in the government

1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford

Missouri native then taken to Illinois, a Free State.

1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford

Dred Scott was a slave under Articles III and IV of the constitution

However the case led to the Supreme Court declaring that Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, which they hoped would abolish slavery.

 a Louisiana businessman.

an “octaroon”—one-eighth African American

Forced to get up from traincar

Segregation was legal and constitutional as long as “facilities were equal.”

“separate but equal”

general secretary of the Socialist Party of America. The socialists were anti-war.

guilty because Supreme Court declared the Espionage Act a reasonable and acceptable limitation on speech in time of war

1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Kansas)

Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African-American girl, had been denied permission to attend an elementary school only five blocks from her. nonwhite students but it was 21 blocks away. Linda Brown's parents with the help of the NAACPThe Supreme Court said that it was not fair to have black and white students separated in different schools.

desegregation of schools

1966 Miranda v. Arizona

Ernesto Miranda was charged for kidnapping and rape. After the two-hours of interrogation, Miranda confessed to committing the crimes.

Creation of Miranda warning; all right must be read to the accused

1978 Roe v. Wade

Jane Roe claimed she was rapped so she wanted an abortion. Invasion of right to privacy under the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's choice to have an abortion, 

Abortion is made legal in first trimester

1986 Meritor Saving Bank v. Vinson

A sexual harassment case involving Mechelle Vinson and her supervisor Sidney Taylor .

bank fired her for  “excessive use of that leave."

Taylor violated the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which bans discrimination against women and other groups.

1986 Meritor Saving Bank v. Vinson

The first case to interpret and explain sexual harassment in the workplace

Hostile enviorment

1989 Texas v. Johnson

Johnson burned an American flag in front Dallas City Hall to protest against the new Reagan administration policies.

Burning of a flag was protected expression under the First Amendment

McCullough V. Maryland

Federal banking system/ made under alexander Hamilton with the necessary and proper clause

Changed relationship between state and national government

Federal law is made supreme

State license was given to Aaron to be on new york waters
Government license by the Gibbons to be on new york waters

since Gibbons was given that license by the national government state court could not prohibit him from using the waters.

Commerce clause: congress is given power to regulate trade among states with other countries

Gitlow v. New York

the 14^th amendment protected the freedom of speech guaranteed by the first amendment of the constitution

Incorporation theory: the liberties talked about in the 14 amendment are the bill of rights.

Mapp v Ohio

Exclusionary rule: prohibited the use of illegally sized evidence in court

Mapp v Ohio

Cops found pornographic images without a search warrant and her refusal to let them in her apartment, Dollree Mapp.

A burger is found guilty in the first trial, jury is found incompetent so ruling was thrown out, he was trailed again for the same

Double jeopardy is unconstitutional;

Lemon v. Kurtzman

State could not directly aid religious instruction
the establishment clause, wall of separation

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Kurtzman test (now part of est. clause)
1. the aid had to be secular (non religious)
2. not have primary effect on advancing or inhibiting religion

3. Government must not avoid “an excess government entanglement with religion”

outlawed officially sponsored daily readings of the Bible and recitation of the Lord’s Prayer in public school

Everson v Board of Education

Separation of church and state- the establishment clause, wall of separation

Rosenberger v. University of Virginia