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Definition
| Inlet of the sea, occupying a glacial trough. Very deep. Commonly shallows at its mouth, either from spreading (as debouched into broader areas) or from floating. |
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Definition
| Part of Glacial Drift. Unstratified drift, variety of grain sizes. An example is a boulder in a muddy matrix. (Matrix- supported). |
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Definition
| Part of Glacial Drift. "Stratified Drift." Alluvium in glacial drainage channels and outwash streams. Sorted by size. |
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Definition
| Part of Glacial Drift. Fine-grained, varved, lake deposits. |
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Definition
| Layer in a lake deposit. Summer makes darker sediments, Winter is lighter. |
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Definition
| Part of Glacial Drift. From proglacial (in front of glacier) environment. |
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Definition
| Major winds during glacial periods. Glaciers have wind because of large area and temperature gradient because of differences of elevations. Cold/Dry Winds. |
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Definition
| Boulders or other rock fragments that differ from local bedrock, suggesting glacial transport. Provides evidence for Aggasiz's glacial hypothesis. Originally attributed to the Great Flood. |
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Definition
| Represents the farthest extent of that advance. Usually end moraines. In valley glaciers, often destroyed by stream erosion. |
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Definition
| Represents a stage in the recession of a glacier where it remained long enough to leave a substantial moraine. |
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Definition
| Most typical deposit of Till |
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Term
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Definition
| Sorted Till or Alluvium causing deposits or removals |
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Definition
| Sinuous sub-glacial tunnel (ridge). Fluvioglacial. Rounded boulders and cobbles. They can cross ridges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposits of ice-contact stratified drift, variety of origins. Looks like a cinder cone. Conical hill. Happened underneath a sink-hole. When glaciers go away, you're left with a mound. Resulted from ice stagnation. |
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Definition
| Sorted piles of stratified deposits. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Extensive braided streams of glacial outwash. |
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Definition
| In front of receding glaciers. Part of braided streams. Glacial milk. Erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A blunt-ended, sloping ridge which descends from the flank of a valley. Its abrupt termination is normally due to erosion by a glacier. Glaciers tend to follow straighter courses than rivers. Similar to triangulated facets. |
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Definition
| Glacier feature. Point with glaciers on all sides. |
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Definition
| Sharp edged ridge, glaciers on either side. |
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Definition
| Pocket, small, headward glacier arm chair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for Firn (snow+ice) |
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Term
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Definition
| Head of glacial valley, aka gap or pass. Glaciers on either side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Somewhat streamline landform produced beneath a glacier. (Sheaprock). Has a Stoss side and a Lee side. Stoss is smooth and lee is irregular and has evidence of plucking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulling a particle off of out of ground and dropping it off somewhere else. Meltwater refreezes into joints or fractures of rock and glacier takes it away with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Very effective. 20-50 times faster than fluvial. Mainly corrasional. Subglacial drainage (corrasion is a factor). Temperate glaciers are most effective because there is more water at the base. Subglacial embedded debris does most of the work. |
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Term
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Definition
| High latitude, no constraints by valleys. |
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Definition
| Occurs in high mountain massif. |
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Definition
| Results from high latitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a source of highland ice cap or sheet. Example would Greenland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entire glacier at melting point. Moves by regelation and basal sliding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold. Basal Layer less than 0 celcious. Move by plastic deformation. Slow and few CM/year. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger, flat, and wide type of glaciers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mountainous, colder, more precip. Higher latitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Previous winters snow have melted. Close to equilibrium line. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Extensive braided streams of glacial outwash. |
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Term
| Continental Glacier Lobe/Ice Lobe |
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Definition
| River of ice that is not in the valley. Stratified/Sorted by fluvial. Including tunnels. Front and sides of the glacier. Take the valleys away and what you're left with is this. Lake Michigan is in the shape of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pond that was left from glacial outwash. Its a shallow, body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining flood waters. "Basin of non-deposition." Where an ice block settled in depositing pro glacial sediments. From ice stagnation. |
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Definition
| A moraine that is in between two lobes. Present in continental glaciers. |
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Definition
| In continental glaciers. Usually from an esker, but are areas of deposition that can come from any landform that is releasing sediment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Streamlined sub-glacial features. Similar to barchan dunes and yardangs. Only form under a certain thickness of ice. Can't be too thick or thin. Composed of till, rock, and sediment, but may have stratified drift, especially on leeward sides. Similar to roche monantee but without the plucking side. Grow in swarms. Shows direction of glacier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smoothed/cut/polished boulders from glaciers passing over. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most recent glacial drift border. Also called, Wurm (with an umlout)in Swizterland, and Weichsel in Scandinavian. |
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Term
| Other Effects of Glaciation |
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Definition
| Loess from proglacial zone. Sea level changes:position of coastlines (downward cutting of valleys when sea level is down). Addition of flow and sediment requirements for outlet drainage systems. Example is Mississippi River. |
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Term
| Methods of studying glaciers |
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Definition
| Studying Lichen size as a measure of till age. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the direction or bearing of a horizontal line in the plane of an inclined bed or fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| angle at which a bed or fault plane is inclined fm the horizontal, perpendicular to the strike. |
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Definition
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Definition
| fracture in rock without displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture in rock with displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| dip occurs in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| dip occurs in two directions away from axis |
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Term
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Definition
| dip occurs from two directions in towards axis |
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Term
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Definition
like a monocline in that one direction of dip exists, but used in a spatially
more restricted sense: may be one limb of an anticline or syncline, or may be a
monocline |
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Term
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Definition
| axial plane almost horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| dipping strata produces steep scarp slope, gentle dip slope |
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Term
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Definition
| steeper dip than cuesta, scarp slope ≈ dip slope buttes & mesas : usually on horizontal strata |
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Term
| Plunging folds (defer difference) |
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Definition
| non-plunging fold (axis is horizontal) and plunging fold (axis not horizontal) |
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Term
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Definition
| boundary between two beds of rock • oftenaweaknesszone |
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Term
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Definition
| ack of clear structural control |
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Term
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Definition
| drainage from tilted surface (W side of Sierra) |
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Term
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Definition
| intersecting joints/faults |
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Term
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Definition
| folded structures produce linear ridges, streams follow weak zones |
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Term
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Definition
| outward from an isolated mountain area; common in volcanics |
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Term
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Definition
| inward drainage in a large depression: some karst, desert basins |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular, insufficient fluvial development, lakes common; glaciated, volcanic or major mass wasting |
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Term
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Definition
| streams that relate directly to original land surface; best seen in lava plateaux |
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Term
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Definition
| stream follows structures |
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Term
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Definition
retain their original paths through uplift. The rivers
predate the mountain building. |
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Term
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Definition
| overlying pattern superimposed on underlying buried structures; e.g. path of river developed on sedimentary cover (e.g. glacial deposits) maintained as underlying structures exhumed. In contrast to antecedent, the river is younger than the structures. |
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Term
| Stream piracy or capture results |
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Definition
| common situation since axes of orogenic folding generally parallel to coasts, initially consequent streams forced into longer paths, direct paths will eventually win out. |
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Term
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Definition
Must be soluble, but mechanically strong, with weakness zones: joints, faults, or bedding planes.
Suitable candidates depend on structure and climate • limestone:mostsignificantkarstrockworldwide,butonlyforms
karst in humid climate. Primary mineral is calcite, CaCO3 (calcium
carbonate) • dolostone:composedofamagnesium-richcarbonatemineralcalled
dolomite, slightly less soluble than calcite. • gypsum:moresolublethancarbonates;formsgypsumkarstinsemi-
arid to arid climates -- Oklahoma, Ukraine, Somalia, among others.
May have limestone caprock.
• quartzite : similar structure, but nearly insoluble -- only forms very limited karst under long-term intense tropical weathering -- reported in Venezuela. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrain with distinctive characteristics of relief and drainage arising primarily from a higher degree of rock solubility in natural waters than is found elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
Solution of Calcite
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ↔ Ca++ + 2HCO3-
• CO2constantlyexchangedbetweenwaterandair The more CO2 in the air, the more CO2 will go into the water.
• ThemoreCO2inthewater(themorecarbonated the water is), the more limestone (CaCO3) will be dissolved. |
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Term
| karst climate and solution |
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Definition
| 1. Solution most active in wetter climates 2. Solution more effective where soil CO2 is highest. CO2 in soil air is elevated |
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Term
| karst precipitation process |
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Definition
A drop in CO2 next to water forces precipitation
O2
of solutes • CO2 in cave air is close to atmospheric • If saturated water inputs reach a previously excavated
cave passage, CO2 is released to cave atmosphere
• thus CaCO3 precipitated as calcite crystals forming travertine: stalactites,etc.(speleothems) |
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Term
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Definition
a precipitate at the surface, in streams or lakes
turbulent, bubbly water in waterfall exposes water to low-CO2 atmosphere, forcing precipitation of carbonates in a ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| an important additional process in karst, due to sapping & cave development • eroding caprocks above soluble rocks ␣ sapping of subsurface ␣ collapse of cliff • cave passage development may result in collapse ("breakdown" in caves) |
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Term
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Definition
dds pore pressure & weight of overburden -- collapse into caves below
Areas of high water table, lowering leads to collaps
• •
Water supports overlying strata Lowering groundwater by pumping removes support, leading to collapse |
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Term
groundwater zones:
phreatic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| zoneoffluctuatingwatertable |
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Definition
| water table varies seasonally |
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Term
| deep phreatic cave development |
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Definition
no distinct gravitational control
• cave passages follow fractures: bedding planes, joints, and faults -- spongework
• iftiedtoasurfacespring,occasionallycavescanbeseentodevelop along Darcy flow lines.
paraphreatic : from restricted vertical flow, perched water table |
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Term
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Definition
Spongework is a very descriptive
name for a type of phreatic cave development
• nogravitationalcontrol apparent, indicating a lack of vadose modification
• passagesgoinmanydirections |
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Term
| water table cave development |
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Definition
• Sincemostpartsofthewatertablearerelativelyflatforshort distances, or grade gently towards spring outlets, the presence of flat passages may indicate water table control
• Thisisbestseenwherepassagesopposestructure • WatertablecaveoriginsproposedbySwinnerton(1932) |
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Term
| mixing corrosion: explanation for water-table cave development |
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Definition
• Notenon-linearrelationshipbetweenCO2concentrationandcalcite solubility
• IfwatersofcontrastingCO2mix,themixturewilltendtobecome more aggressive, even if both waters were previously saturated with CaCO3 (Bögli, 1964)
• Mixingofgroundwaterandnewinputsshouldhappenatthewater table. |
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Term
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Definition
• corrosion+corrasion • stronggravitationalcontrol • increasedsignificanceoffluvialprocesses • manycavescanbeidentifiedasinitiatedbyphreatic,latermodified
by vadose gravity flow |
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Term
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Definition
• fromloweringofwatertable(piezo surface)
• thoughlargelymodified,skeletonof passages phreatic |
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Term
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Definition
• surfacestreamsinvadinganexhumed older cave system
• verticalshaftstendtodevelophere • chemicallyaggressivewater |
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Term
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Definition
| nameforavarietyofsolution features developed on karst rocks in subsoil or subaerial environment |
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Term
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Definition
• allaresharp-edged • Rillenkarren(parallelridges) • Rinnenkarren(solution
runnels)
• Kamenitzas(solutionpansor pits) |
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Term
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Definition
| system which has some characteristics of fluvial system though distinctly karstic |
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Term
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Definition
| valley that sinks into a ponor (streamsink) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where stream emerges at the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the steep head of a valley at a resurgence |
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Term
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Definition
| basically a complex doline |
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Term
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Definition
| large flat-floored depression, typically structural • pronetoflooding |
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Term
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Definition
like a doline landscape, but more developed --
no flat areas between depressions -- sinusoidal in cross-section (reminiscent of an egg-carton)
Results from intensive solution - more developed than doline karst |
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Term
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Definition
| not really tropical, but in tropical areas develops where cockpits erode to a base level, enhancing lateral corrosion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Climatic influence on weathering |
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Definition
Chemicalweatheringgenerallystrongestinhumidtropical
available water + higher temp (chemical catalyst) • exception: CO2 is more soluble in cold water
largely counterbalanced by greater soil CO2 production in warm humid climates |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanical weathering more significant in colder climates, as well as in drier climates |
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Term
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Definition
granitic exhumed rock masses defined by variations in
the basal surface of weathering or weathering front -- common in tropical wet-dry climates |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of time when major glaciers advanced |
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Term
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Definition
haveassourcehighlandicecaporsheet(best
examples in Greenland) |
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Term
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Definition
| arenotconfinedtovalleys,andresultfromof high latitude (Antarctica and Greenland). |
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Term
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Definition
| occursinhighmountainmassif |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
form at the head of an alpine glacier. Cirques are
armchair-shaped basins with steep headwalls & sidewalls. |
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Term
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Definition
haveassourcehighlandicecaporsheet(best
examples in Greenland) |
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Term
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Definition
result from local shear stresses • surfacemovingfaster • centermovingfaster • compressionatobstruction
• extensionasglacierpassesover convexity |
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Term
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Definition
zone of ablation
an accumulation of heterogeneous non-ice material transported by a glacier.
• typifiestheablationzone--debriserodedupglaciermovestothe surface here |
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Term
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Definition
| an exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. |
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Term
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Definition
| somewhat streamlined landform produced beneath a glacier resulting from abrasion on stoss end, plucking on lee |
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Term
| subglacial meltwater erosion |
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Definition
highly significant seasonally, aided by transported abraders • micro-erosionalfeatures(potholes) • channelerosion • chemicalweatheringandsolution
• shouldbesinuous(incontrasttoicewhichmovesstraight) |
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Term
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Definition
| literally,anyalpinelake, but usually refers to lakes in cirque basins |
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Term
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Definition
| fromuneven erosion in glacial troughs (may be dammed by moraines), |
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Term
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Definition
| entire trough is flooded (generally from large moraine) |
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Term
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Definition
| remnants of the original fault line. |
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Term
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Definition
If gradients of two streams eroding the same landmass are unequal, divide will shift toward the one with the steeper gradient. Thus steeper gradient (in upper reaches) will erode headward at expense of lesser.
Steeper gradient reach has more stream power to erode headward. |
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Term
| stalactites or speleothems |
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Definition
CaCO3 precipitated as calcite crystals forming travertine If saturated water inputs reach a previously excavated
cave passage, CO2 is released to cave atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| from restricted vertical flow, perched water table |
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Term
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Definition
| • Kluftkarren (clints & grikes) |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary mineral deposit formed in a cave |
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Term
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Definition
similar in shape to bajada, but is erosional into bedrock. May
have inselbergs rising above surface. tend to occur on non-fault margins |
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Term
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Definition
lose discharge to underlying sediments.
• Typically these streams are also exotic meaning they discharge from a wetter source region, e.g. mountains -- e.g. the Colorado River. |
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Term
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Definition
major arcuate
crevasse at head of valley/cirque glaciers |
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Term
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Definition
snout of glacier
• can be quite large. |
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Term
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Definition
| melt water sinkholes where supraglacial channels sink |
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Term
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Definition
• meltwaterrefreezesintofracturesorenvelopesboulders, incorporating them into base of glacier.
• refreezingcausedbyeither: • regelation (on the low-pressure lee side of obstructions) or • movement of temperate glacier into cold ice
• onlyeffectivewithfracturedrockorboulderpiles |
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Term
| subglacial meltwater erosion |
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Definition
| highly significant seasonally, aided by transported abraders |
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Term
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Definition
| polish (silts), striae (sand & gravel), and grooves (boulders) |
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Term
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Definition
| representthefarthestextentofthatadvance |
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Term
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Definition
deposit left from englacial and subglacial streams
• fluvioglacial • evidencedbyroundedmaterials,sinuosity |
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Term
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Definition
| deposits of ice-contact stratified drift, variety of origins |
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