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| the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info. |
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| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
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| the processing of information into the memory system. - for example, extracting meaning. |
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| the retention of encoded information over time. |
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| the process of getting info out of memory storage. |
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| the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system. |
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| activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the info is stored or forgotten. |
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| the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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| a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory. |
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| unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned info, such as word meanings. |
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| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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| the conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |
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| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
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| our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
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| the encoding of picture images. |
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| the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |
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| the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |
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Definition
| mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. |
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| memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
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| a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
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| a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
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Term
| long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
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| retention independent of conscious recollection. (also called procedural memory) |
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| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (also called declarative memory) |
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Definition
| a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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| a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |
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| a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |
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Definition
| a memory measure that assesses the amount of timed saved when learning material for a second time. |
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Definition
| the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Ex. say silk. spell it S-I-L-K. say silk again. what do cows drink? milk..no water. |
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Definition
| the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
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| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood. |
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| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info. |
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| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info. |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
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| incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event |
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| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect is at the heart of many false memories. |
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Definition
| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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| a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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| a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in category. |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone-use of heuristics. |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
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| a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solution. |
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| a tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. |
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| a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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| the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant info. |
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