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86
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
09/24/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
anoxygenic photosynthesis
Definition
  • occurs under anaerobic conditions
  • oxygen is not an end product
  • Hydrogen sulfide serves as a source of ruducing power and is converted by these organisms (i.e. Chromatium) to elemental sulfur, which is stored inside of the cells as elemental sulfur
Term
Name a phototrophic purple sulfer bacteria species.
Definition
Chromatium
Term
What is meant by chemoautotrophy in bacterial species?
Definition
  • bacteria that fix carbon dioxide for their carbon needs and obtain energy for cell growth by oxidizing inorganic ions.
Term

Name a sulfate-reducing bacteria.

 

Definition
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
Term
What is sulfate respiration?
Definition
  • Cellular respiration whereby sulfate is reduced to H2S by sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio desulfuicans.
  • A pocess in which sulfate serves as a terminal electon acceptor and its reduction is interfaced with electron transport to produce ATP
  • for some organisms the H2S reacts with various metals in the mud and forms a black precipitate
Term
What is bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids?
Definition
Pigments produced by bacteria that, in the case of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria, impart colors as purple, red, or brown in areas where this bacteria is growing.
Term
What are the characteristics of phototropic green sulfur bacteria?
Definition
  • anoxygenic photosynthesis
  • converts H2S to elemental sulfur
  • stores the sulfur outside the cells
  • Aquires carbon by fixing carbon dioxide into intermediates in the Krebs cycle
  • grow green in the anaerobic areas due to the presence of the pigment, bacteriochlorophyll
Term
Name a species of phototrophic green sulfur bacteria.
Definition
Chlorobium
Term
Name two species of purple nonsulfur bacteria.
Definition
  • Rhodospirillum
  • Rhodobacter
Term
What are the characteristics of purple nonsulfur bacteria?
Definition
  • normally grow photoheterotrophically using various organic compounds as a carbon source (i.e. succinate, glutamate)
  • obtain energy from anoxygenic photosythesis
  • can grow photoautotorphically using carbon dioxide for a carbon source and hydrogen gas or low concetrations of sulfide as reducing power
  • can completely switch metabolic gears and grow by heterotrophic eans on organic acids using respiration if light becomes very limited
  • found in microaerphilic areas
  • are brown to reddish in color
Term
Name three chemolithotrophic bacteria species and their characteristics.
Definition
  • Thiobacillus: aerobic; gram-negative, rod-shaped cells; some species are motile; all species fix carbon dioxide by the Calvin-Benson cycle
  • Beggiatoa: aerobic; colorless cells; occur in filaments with constant width; cells may contain sulfur granules when grown in the presence of H2S
  • Thiobacillus: fixes carbon dioxide for its carbon requirements and obtains energy by oxidizing reduced forms of sulfur to produce sulfate or sulfuric acid
Term
In the Winogradsy column, for what do the cyanobacteria and algae provide, and where would the be found?
Definition
  • they grow on the surface water of the column where they produce oxygen which keeps the upper portion of the column aerobic
Term
What are cellulose digesters?
Definition
  • organisms which degrade and ferment the products of cellulose
  • Cellulomonas degrades cellulose
  • Clostridium and other bacteria then ferment the monaccharides derived from the cellulose to podroduce organic acids such as lactate and acetate
Term
What advantages does the streak-plate method have over the pour-plate method?
Definition
  • streak-plate requires fewer materials
  • gives as good isolation as needed, when properly done
Term
What advantages does the pour-plate have over the streak-plate method?
Definition
  • produces a good isolation
  • requires less skill
Term
Why is the loop flamed before it is placed in the culture and why is it flamed after completing inoculation?
Definition
  • loop is flamed before it is used to gather a culture in order to prevent contamination from any organisms that may be on the loop
  • loop is flamed after completing inoculation in order to kill any organisms on the loop to prevent contamination for future use
Term
Before inoculating and pouring molten nutrient agar into a place, why must the agar first be cooled to 50°C?
Definition
  • to prevent condensation which could cause moisture on the agar surface allowing for the organisms to spread over the surface resulting in a faulty isolation process
Term
Why should plates be inverted during incubation?
Definition
  • in order to reduce possible condensation on the surface of the agar
  • condensation could cause the organisms to spread and conjoin making it difficult to study colonies
Term
In what ways do the macroscopic features of bacterial colonies differ from that of molds?
Definition
  • molds branch outwards in non-circular groups that have a fuzzy appearance
  • bacteria grow in circular patterns and do not branch out
Term
Why is the level of contamination measured as number of colonies rather thatn size of colonies?
Definition
  • different colonies tell how many bacteria are in an area
  • size of colonies tells the rate of bacterial growth
Term
Should one be concerned to find bacteria or molds on the skin?
Definition
  • bacteria and on the skin is of no concern as they are a natural occurance
  • many are non-pathogenic and protect against pathogens
  • abnormal amounts could be cause for concern
Term
How can microbial levels be controlled on the skin?
Definition
  • hand washing
Term
How can microbial levels be controlled on surfaces in the environment?
Definition
  • antibacterial cleansers
  • bleach
Term
How can microbial levels be controlled in the air?
Definition
  • air purifiers
Term
Compare bacteria to eukaryotic cells.
Definition
  • bacteria much smaller 0.2-2.0 µm (euk. 10-100µm)
  • bacteria have a circular free-floating DNA ring (euk. compressed DNA in a membrane bound nucleus that forms chromosomes)
  • Bacteria have free floating ribosome subunits 30S and 50S which make a 70S compound (euk. ribosomes are mostly on the RER, are composed of subunit 40S and 60S making a 80S compound
  • bacteria have respiration and photosynthesis occurring within a cell wall. (euk. takes place within the cell in specialized compartments) 
  • bacteria have flagella that facilitate movement by rotating around the base, and have two different types of motility: runs and tumbles. In eukaryotic cells, there are both flagella and cilia, and the flagella facilitate movement by a wave motion.
Term
Define the term colony with regards to bacterial growth on a solid media.
Definition
  • a grouping of individuals of the same species rising from a single bacteria cell. Colonies are genetically identical as they are formed from a single cell that replicates and grows outward

Term
What colony characteristics can be used for differentiation of bacterial species? Compare Serratia marcescens and Micrococcus luteus
Definition

 

  1. differentiation by color, shape, gram-stain, and grouping as observed under the microscope.

  2. M. luteus: gram-positive (purple), form tetrads 

  3. S. Marcescens: gram-negative, do not group in any clusters.

 

Term
Why is dilution a necessary part of pure culture preparation?
Definition
  • When diluted, the individual cells are spread far apart from one another and have the space and resources to expand outward.
Term
Define the term 'pure colony'.
Definition
An isolated group of bacteria cell of all the same species.
Term
What does 'oxygenic photosynthesis' mean?
Definition
That oxygen is an end product of photosynthesis.
Term
Do gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane?
Definition
No, gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer peptidoglycan that comprises the cell wall. It is this layer that retains the purple color of the crystal violet that was used in the gram-staining procedure.
Term
Do gram-negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer?
Definition
No, gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan that is covered by a thin membrane. The crystal violet runs out of the cell during the decolorization stage of the gram-staining procedure and takes on the pink color of the counter stain, safranin.
Term
Why do you have to sterilize the loop in between streaks when you perform a quadrant streak?
Definition
The first sterilization is to remove any microbes that can contaminate the culture. Sterilization between each streak is to kill the microbe on the loop so that isolated cultures can be streaked from the already streaked area
Term

Name the groups of bacteria that you want to enrich with the Winogradsky column. (7)

 

Definition
  • Beggiatoa
  • Thiobacillus
  • Rhodospirillum
  • Chromatium
  • Chlorobium
  • Clostridium
  • Desulfovibrio
Term
What is the purpose of the Winogradsky column?
Definition
to study a variety of diverse bacteria such as the sulfate reducers, photosynthetic bacteria, and chemolithotrophs
Term
What does 'anoxygenic photosynthesis' mean?
Definition
That oxygen is not an end product of photosynthesis.
Term
For most bacteria, the cell is surrounded by a cell wall composed of a unique molecule called........?
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
Which objective on the light microscope is being used with 'immersion oil'?
Definition
The 100x high power immersion
Term
do Rotifers belong to the prokaryotes?
Definition
No.
Term
What can you do to increase the contrast when you use the microscope?
Definition
close the diaphragm in the condensor.
Term
What are pseudohyphae, and what organism produces them?
Definition
Pseudohyphae ae filaments that are budding fungi that stretch out to appear similar to hyphae. They are produced by yeasts.
Term
Are diatoms eukaryotes?
Definition
yes
Term
Which objective on teh light microscope is considered teh 'high dry'?
Definition
40x
Term
In which processes are microorganisms involved?
Definition
  • infection
  • decomposition of organic material
  • O2 production
  • food production
Term
Who developed the formal system for classifying and naming organisms?
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
Term
What is Biogenesis?
Definition
The theory that development of life forms from pre-existing life forms.
Term
What would be essential to the experiment when setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneaous generation in a liquid medium?
Definition
using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
Term
What were the components regarding Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask?
Definition
  • air exchange was involved
  • a food source was provided
  • the possibility of contamination was removed
  • all  pre-existing microorganisms wer killed
Term
Who proved that a microbe could cause disease?
Definition
Koch
Term
Of what is mycology a study?
Definition
molds, yeast, and mushrooms
Term
In which situation would Koch's postulates be utilized?
Definition
In the determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
Term
What was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process?
Definition
The idea that exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity
Term
What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope?
Definition
specimen
Term
What is the purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain?
Definition
to prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells
Term
A microorganism measures 5 µm. What is its length in mm?
Definition
0.005 mm
Term
You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of teh mordant. What is the appearance of teh bacteria at theis point?
Definition
purple
Term
You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point?
Definition
colorless
Term
Asume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and the counterstaining with safranin. Though the microscope, the green structures are.....
Definition
endospores
Term

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding prokaryotic cells?

 

a) their DNA is not enclosed within a 

    membrane

b) they lack membrane-enclosed organelles

c) they typically have a circular chromosome

d) they reproduce by binary fission

e) they lack a plasma membrane

 

Definition
e) they lack a plasma membrane
Term
What happens to a bacterial cell when it is placed into a solutioncontaining 5% NaCl?
Definition
water will move out of the cell
Term

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

 

a)  ER - internal transport

b)  Golgi - secretion

c)  mitochondria - ATP

d)  centrosome - food storage

e)  lysosome - digestive enzymes

Definition
d)  centrosome - food storage
Term
Which organelle most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
for what are the terms "run" and "tumble" generally associated?
Definition
taxic movements of the cell
Term
Does anaerobic respiration involve the reduction of an organic final electron acceptor?
Definition
no
Term

How would a noncompetitive inhibitor interfere with a reaction involving enzymes

 

Definition
It would attach to the cell at a place other that the active site. This attachment will cause the shape of the active site to change thus inhibiting the enzyme to react with its specific substrate.
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
The partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors
Term
What do you call an organism which uses CO2 for its carbon source and H2 for its energy source?
Definition
chemoautotroph
Term

Cyanobacteria are a type of

 

a) chemoautotroph

b) chemoheterotroph

c) photoautotroph

d) photoheterotroph

Definition
c) photoautotroph
Term
A sample of milk is tested for its bacterial content in a plate count assay. A one-milliliter sample of the milk is diluted in a 1:10 dilution series. One milliliter of teh third dilution tube is plated in a pour plate. After incubation, the plate has 54 colonies. How many cells did the original milk sample contain?
Definition
54,000 cells
Term
How do most bacteria reproduce?
Definition
binary fission
Term
In which pH do most human associated bacteria grow best?
Definition
pH 7
Term
Three cells with generation times of 60 minutes are inoculated into a culture medium. How many cells are there afer 5 hours?
Definition
96
Term
Which structures of a mold colony are important to identify its genus?
Definition
  • sporangia
  • hyphae septated
  • hyphae non-septated
Term
Whe you perform a quadrant streak, but the bacterial colonies are not separated in the 4th quadrant, what mistake have you most likely made?
Definition
You forgot to sterilize the loop in between streaks
Term
Whould the Gram stain show Gram negative and Gram positive cells correctly if you would start with safranin and counterstain with crystal violet? Which color would teh Gram-negarive and Gram-positive cells have at the end of teh staining procedure?
Definition
No. All cells would be purple
Term
Why is the decolorization step important in Gram staining?
Definition
It washes the crystal violet out of the Gram-negative organism so that the counterstain can be seen
Term
Do gram-negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer?
Definition
NO
Term
For what are microorganisms responsible?
Definition
infection
decomposition of organic material
oxygen production
food production
Term
Who developed the formal system for the classification and naming of organisms?
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
Term
To what does biogenesis refer?
Definition
to the development of life forms from preexisting life forms
Term
If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, what would be essential to the experiment?
Definition
using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms.
Term
In Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-flasks, what were the conditions?
Definition
  • air exchange was involved
  • a food source was provided
  • the possibility of contamination was removed
  • all pre-existing microorganisms were killed
Term
Who proved that a microbe could cause disease?
Definition
Koch
Term
Of what is mycology the study?
Definition
molds,yeast, and mushrooms
Term
What are Koch's postulates?
Definition
  • the microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms
  • the microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  • the cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  • the microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
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