• occurs under anaerobic conditions
• oxygen is not an end product
• Hydrogen sulfide serves as a source of ruducing power and is converted by these organisms (i.e. Chromatium) to elemental sulfur, which is stored inside of the cells as elemental sulfur

• bacteria that fix carbon dioxide for their carbon needs and obtain energy for cell growth by oxidizing inorganic ions.

Name a sulfate-reducing bacteria.

• Cellular respiration whereby sulfate is reduced to H₂S by sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio desulfuicans.
• A pocess in which sulfate serves as a terminal electon acceptor and its reduction is interfaced with electron transport to produce ATP
• for some organisms the H₂S reacts with various metals in the mud and forms a black precipitate

• anoxygenic photosynthesis
• converts H₂S to elemental sulfur
• stores the sulfur outside the cells
• Aquires carbon by fixing carbon dioxide into intermediates in the Krebs cycle
• grow green in the anaerobic areas due to the presence of the pigment, bacteriochlorophyll

• Rhodospirillum
• Rhodobacter
  

• normally grow photoheterotrophically using various organic compounds as a carbon source (i.e. succinate, glutamate)
• obtain energy from anoxygenic photosythesis
• can grow photoautotorphically using carbon dioxide for a carbon source and hydrogen gas or low concetrations of sulfide as reducing power
• can completely switch metabolic gears and grow by heterotrophic eans on organic acids using respiration if light becomes very limited
• found in microaerphilic areas
• are brown to reddish in color

• Thiobacillus: aerobic; gram-negative, rod-shaped cells; some species are motile; all species fix carbon dioxide by the Calvin-Benson cycle
• Beggiatoa: aerobic; colorless cells; occur in filaments with constant width; cells may contain sulfur granules when grown in the presence of H₂S
• Thiobacillus: fixes carbon dioxide for its carbon requirements and obtains energy by oxidizing reduced forms of sulfur to produce sulfate or sulfuric acid

• they grow on the surface water of the column where they produce oxygen which keeps the upper portion of the column aerobic

• organisms which degrade and ferment the products of cellulose
• Cellulomonas degrades cellulose
• Clostridium and other bacteria then ferment the monaccharides derived from the cellulose to podroduce organic acids such as lactate and acetate

• streak-plate requires fewer materials
• gives as good isolation as needed, when properly done

• produces a good isolation
• requires less skill

• loop is flamed before it is used to gather a culture in order to prevent contamination from any organisms that may be on the loop
• loop is flamed after completing inoculation in order to kill any organisms on the loop to prevent contamination for future use

• to prevent condensation which could cause moisture on the agar surface allowing for the organisms to spread over the surface resulting in a faulty isolation process

• in order to reduce possible condensation on the surface of the agar
• condensation could cause the organisms to spread and conjoin making it difficult to study colonies

• molds branch outwards in non-circular groups that have a fuzzy appearance
• bacteria grow in circular patterns and do not branch out

• different colonies tell how many bacteria are in an area
• size of colonies tells the rate of bacterial growth

• bacteria and on the skin is of no concern as they are a natural occurance
• many are non-pathogenic and protect against pathogens
• abnormal amounts could be cause for concern

• hand washing

• antibacterial cleansers
• bleach

• air purifiers

• bacteria much smaller 0.2-2.0 µm (euk. 10-100µm)
• bacteria have a circular free-floating DNA ring (euk. compressed DNA in a membrane bound nucleus that forms chromosomes)
• Bacteria have free floating ribosome subunits 30S and 50S which make a 70S compound (euk. ribosomes are mostly on the RER, are composed of subunit 40S and 60S making a 80S compound
• bacteria have respiration and photosynthesis occurring within a cell wall. (euk. takes place within the cell in specialized compartments) 
• bacteria have flagella that facilitate movement by rotating around the base, and have two different types of motility: runs and tumbles. In eukaryotic cells, there are both flagella and cilia, and the flagella facilitate movement by a wave motion.

• a grouping of individuals of the same species rising from a single bacteria cell. Colonies are genetically identical as they are formed from a single cell that replicates and grows outward

1. differentiation by color, shape, gram-stain, and grouping as observed under the microscope.

2. M. luteus: gram-positive (purple), form tetrads 

3. S. Marcescens: gram-negative, do not group in any clusters.

• When diluted, the individual cells are spread far apart from one another and have the space and resources to expand outward.

Name the groups of bacteria that you want to enrich with the Winogradsky column. (7)

• Beggiatoa
• Thiobacillus
• Rhodospirillum
• Chromatium
• Chlorobium
• Clostridium
• Desulfovibrio

• infection
• decomposition of organic material
• O2 production
• food production

• air exchange was involved
• a food source was provided
• the possibility of contamination was removed
• all  pre-existing microorganisms wer killed

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding prokaryotic cells?

a) their DNA is not enclosed within a 

    membrane

b) they lack membrane-enclosed organelles

c) they typically have a circular chromosome

d) they reproduce by binary fission

e) they lack a plasma membrane

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

a)  ER - internal transport

b)  Golgi - secretion

c)  mitochondria - ATP

d)  centrosome - food storage

e)  lysosome - digestive enzymes

How would a noncompetitive inhibitor interfere with a reaction involving enzymes

Cyanobacteria are a type of

a) chemoautotroph

b) chemoheterotroph

c) photoautotroph

d) photoheterotroph

• sporangia
• hyphae septated
• hyphae non-septated

• air exchange was involved
• a food source was provided
• the possibility of contamination was removed
• all pre-existing microorganisms were killed

• the microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms
• the microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
• the cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
• the microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent