Term
| Four criteria for a good peripheral smear |
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Definition
(1) Proper length
(2) Proper thickness
(3) feathered edge
(4) patient identification |
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Term
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Definition
the smear should be 2/3 - 3/4 length of the slide with no holes or ridges
depends on proper blood drop size, proper spreader slide angle, proper slider technique, and proper mixing of specimen. |
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Term
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Definition
half of the smear should be thin enough so that cells do no overlap
This depends on proper blood drop size, proper slider technique, using an unchipped slider, using the arm not the wrist |
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Term
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Definition
characteristic technique that allows for optimal counting area
depends on proper technique |
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Term
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Definition
| the specimen is labeled with the patients name and accession number |
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Term
| Basic principle of operation of the Hema-Tek stainer |
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Definition
| automated staining of numerous peripheral blood smears via Wright's Giemsa (Romanosky) stain |
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Term
| Components of the automated stainer |
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Definition
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Term
| porper placement of slides on the Hema-Tek stainer |
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Definition
| Needs to be placed in the same grooves and with the blood smear facing left of the operator |
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Term
| Problems if the slides were placed incorrectly |
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Definition
| The slides or break or not be stained properly |
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Term
| How to clean the Hema-Tek stainer |
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Definition
| 6. Clean the platen and stain tubing by removing the canulas from the stain, buffer, and rinse and placing them in ethanol. Lift the operator level and prime the instrument with methanol for approximately 2 minutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic cellular components (red/pink/orange) |
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Term
| What does Methelyne Blue stain? |
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Definition
| acidic cellular components (blue) |
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Term
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Definition
Complete blood count =
WBC + RBC + Hemoglobin + hematocrit + platelet count |
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Term
| Hemoglobin values for Women |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin values for Man |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| volume of whole blood that is composed of RBC in percent |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma, platelets and WBC (buffy coat), blood, clay |
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Term
| Microhematocrit procedure |
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Definition
| Mix specimen, hold tube horizontal and allow capillary tube to fill up 3/4 of the way. Repeat for duplicates. plug the bottom of the tube with clay. Centrifudge (balanced) for 6 minutes at 10,000rpm and allow to stop on its own. Align clay layer with 0% and plasma meniscus with 100%, read hematocrit precent where the RBC and WBC met. Duplicates should be within 10% of each other |
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Term
| Three sources of error in Microhematocrit |
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Definition
| (1) incomplete sealing of tube (2) inadequate centrifugation (3) over coagulation |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Principle of Hemoglobin measurement using Drabkin's reagent |
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Definition
| Blood is diluted in a solution of potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide. The potassium ferricynanide oxidizes most hemoglobins to hemiglobins. Potassium cyanide provides the cynide ions to form hemiglobincyanide. |
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Term
| Reaction of Hemoglobin measurement using Drabkin's reagent |
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Definition
| Drabkin's lyses RBCs and oxidizes them to methmeoglobin. Methmeglobin complexes with cyanide and makes cyan methmeoglobin. Using Drabkins as the reagent black, the absorbance is measured spectrophotometrically at 540nm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| average volume of the RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| HCT% x 10 / RBC (x 10^6/ uL) = (fl) |
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Term
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Definition
| average weight of hemoglobin in the RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
HGB (g/dL) x 10/ RBC (x 10^6/ uL) = (pg)
*Hemoglobin concentration* |
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Term
| concentration of the unknown |
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Definition
| = (concentration of standard x absorbance of unknown) / avg. absorbance of standard |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an expression of the average concentration of hemoglobin in the RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| HGB (g/dL) x 100/ HCT% = (g/dL) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
macrocytic, B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency and left shift
above 100 |
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Term
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Definition
microcytic, iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia
below 80 |
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Term
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Definition
macrocytic anemia, spherocytosis with hyperchromasia
above 35 |
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Term
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Definition
microcytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, normocytic hypochromic RBCs
below 27 |
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Term
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Definition
hyperchromasia, cold aggulination (blood is too cold), lipemic samples, icteric specimens, and spherocytes
above 36 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| requirements for an ideal microscopic field |
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Definition
1000x Magnification
even distribution of cells
cells in monolayer
central pallor is visable |
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Term
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Definition
| Bluish/black granular inclusions (aggregated ribosomes) distrubted across the entire cell area. Can vary in size and distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark purple/violet spheical (DNA fragment) inclusions, usually occur in singles but never more than 2 per cell |
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Term
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Definition
| either secondary lysosomes or mitochrodria with iron micelles. They appear as small granules in RBCs and normoblasts |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of a Normal Red Blood Cell |
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Definition
| Central area of pallor surrounded by a rim of pink staining hemoglobin, biconcave disk, 7-8uM and MCV 80-100fl |
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Term
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Definition
| (codocytes)- thin, bell-shaped cells, they look like a target with a bull eye in the middle which is surrounded by an achromic zone and a thin outer ring of pink staining hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| (elliptocytes, pencil, cigar cells)- vary from elongated oval shapes to elongated rod like cells, they have a central area of biconcavity with hemoglobin concentration at both ends |
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Term
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Definition
| (Drepanocytes) - elongated, crescent-shaped RBC with pointed ends. Some forms have more rounded ends with a flat side |
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Term
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Definition
| (dacryocytes)- RBCs that are elongated on one end to form a teardrop |
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Term
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Definition
| (RBC fragments) - caused by mechanical damage, and come in a variety of shapes (triangle, helmet (keratocytes), comma), can be spherical shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs that have lost their biconcavity, seen as a densely stained sphere lacking central pallor. Cells that have lost their biconcavity |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs with a slitlike area of pallor |
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Term
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Definition
| (burr cells)- smaller than normal RBCs with regular spine like projections (uniformly dispersed around cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| stacks of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| thin rim of hemoglobin around the periphery of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| large erythrocytes with bluish tinge |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an immature RBC present in the peripheral blood which contains small amounts of cytoplasmic RNA and organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes |
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Term
| Normal reticulocyte range for adults |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal reticulocyte range for newborns |
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Definition
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Term
| Two supervital stains for reticulocytes |
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Definition
| New Methylene Blue and Brilliant Cresyl Blue |
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Term
| How to stain blood for reticulocytes |
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Definition
| mix equal parts anticoagulated blood with stain and incubate for 10 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| 4. After you stain, remix the solution and perform a wedge smear. Under low power find an optimal reading area, then switch to immersion oil to confirm the optimal area. Obtain the number of reticulocytes per 1000 RBCs. |
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Term
| Sources of error in reticulocyte counts |
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Definition
| Counting refracile bodies as retics, not counting enough cells, or counting inclusions as retics |
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Term
| how to calculate absolute retic count (x10^9/L) |
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Definition
retic count (fraction) x total RBC count (x 10^6/uL)
move decimal place out to 12, then count back to 9 for answer |
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Term
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Definition
( retic count/maturation time) x (patient Hct/45)
45 for 1 day, 35 for 1.5 days, 25 for 2 days, 15 for 3 days |
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Term
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Definition
< 2 = inadequete bone marrow response
> or equal 2 = adequete response |
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Term
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Definition
| When whole blood is allowed to stand for 60 minutes, red cells settle out from the plasma. The distance they fall per hour is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate. The ESR is affected by RBC size, plasma proteins and mechanical and technical factors. |
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Term
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Definition
(1) first 10 minutes formation of rouleaux
(2) 40 minutes cells settle
(3) 10 minutes cells pack |
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Term
| 5 technical conditions decreasing ESR |
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Definition
too much anticoagulent
bubbles in measurement tube
decreased ambient temperature
delayed time prior to test
hemolysis |
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Term
| 2 technical conditions increasing ESR |
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Definition
tilting measurement tube
clotted sample |
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Term
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Definition
| Fill ESR tube with anticoagulated blood to indicated line. Insert Westergren tube into the ESR rube allowing the blood to raise to the zero mark. Allow the sample to stand for an hour then read the numerical results of the ESR in millimeters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tilting the tube
vibrations
increase/decrease in temperature
too much EDTA
not 60 minutes |
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Term
| how does Infection and inflammation effect ESR? |
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Definition
| Plasma proteins are increased and rouleaux forms which increase the sed rate |
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Term
| how do macrocytes affect ESR? |
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Definition
| macrocytes settle more rapidly, increase ESR |
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Term
| how do sickle cells and spherocytes affect ESR? |
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Definition
| unable to agglutinate or form rouleaux so sed rate is decreased |
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Term
| Conditions in which ESR is increased |
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Definition
| pregnancy, acute and chronic infections, artritis, rheumatic fever, myocardial infractions |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in plasma protein concentration affects zeta potential of the cells and cuases them to stack and increases the sed rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| When RBCs are added to the working solution, the red cells immediately lyse due to saponin present. Hemoglobin S when in the reduced state form liquid crystal and give a turbid appearance to the mixture |
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Term
| Difference between sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait |
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Definition
| sickle cell anemia is homozygous for sickle cell alleles and all cells sickle in hypoxic environmeny. Sickle cell trait is heterozygous for sickle cell allele and not all cells sickle. |
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Term
| What tests should be done with a positive sickle cell sol test? |
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Definition
| a positive sickle sol must be differentiaed by electrophoresis because sickle cell sol does not differentiate between sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia |
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