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Laboratory Medicine
Intro to Laboratory Medicine (9/22: Cardiology Exam 1)
85
Medical
Graduate
09/27/2010

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Cards

Term
Sensitivity
Definition
The ability of a test to correctly identify those individuals who truly have the disease (true positives);
Equal to the (# of true positives)/total number of people who have the disease (# true positives + # of false negatives); essentially it means what percent of the cases of people who have the condition does it detect
Term
Specificity
Definition
The ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have the disease (true negatives); equal to the (# of true negatives)/everyone who does not have the disease (# of true negatives + number of false positives)
Term
Complete Blood Count
Definition
Most common lab test; gives Hemoglobin(Hgb), Hematocrit(Hct), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), White Blood Cell Count, Red Blood Cell Count, Mean corpuscular volume(MCV), Platelets
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
Transport hemoglobin which carries oxygen
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Involved in defending your body from foreign invaders (infection)
Term
Platelets
Definition
Respond to blood vessel injury to form a clot
Term
Normal value for Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Definition
12-18 gm/deciliter (women have lower than men)
Term
Normal value for Hematocrit (Hct)
Definition
41-48%
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
Proportion of blood that is red blood cells (percentage of red blood cell/total blood volume)
Term
Causes of elevated hemoglobin
Definition
Dehydration, High altitude, smokers, congenital heart disease, polycythema vera
Term
Causes of low hemoglobin (anemia)
Definition
Blood loss, pregnancy, vitamin deficiency, increased destruction of red blood cells, decreased production of red blood cells
Term
Normal value for white blood cells (leukocytes)
Definition
4,000 - 10,000 x 10^9/L or just 4-10
Term
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and Agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)
Definition
Classifications of White Blood Cells
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
WBC count differential = 50-70%; primary defense against invasion through phagocytosis; elevated with bacterial infections, inflammatory conditions or other infections
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
WBC count differential = 25-40%; elevated with viral infections
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
WBC count differential = 1-3%; contain the majority of histamine in the body; elevated with allergic or fungal infections
Term
Basophils
Definition
WBC count differential = 0.4-1%; contain histamine, serotonin, and heparin granules; elevated with inflammatory states, parasitic infection or allergic reaction
Term
Monocytes
Definition
WBC count differential = 2-6%; second line of defense against infection; elevated with phagocytosis bacterial infections
Term
Causes of elevated WBC's (leukocytosis)
Definition
Acute infections, leukemia, post splenectomy, steroids, high stress, excitement, pain, trauma, heat
Term
Causes of low WBC's (leukopenia)
Definition
Viral infections, overwhelming bacterial infections, hypersplenism, mononucleosis, bone marrow suppression
Term
Left Shift
Definition
Increased ratio of band cells (immature neutrophils); represents a healthy immune response to infection
Term
Normal ratio of band cells
Definition
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (polys) = 98% and band cells = 1-3%
Term
Mean Cellular Volume (MCV)
Definition
Size of the RBC, increased with vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, decreased with iron deficiency; useful in classifying the type of anemia; average volume of RBC
Term
Normal value for Mean cellular volume (MCV)
Definition
80-100 femtoliters (10^-15L)
Term
Normal value for platelets
Definition
150,000-400,000/cmm
Term
Causes of low platelets
Definition
Enlarged spleen, alcoholism, bone marrow suppression, viral infection, vitamin deficiency
Term
Causes of elevated platelets
Definition
Hemmorhage, splenectomy, inflammation
Term
Components of a physical exam urinalysis
Definition
Clarity, color, odor
Term
Cloudy Urine
Definition
In urine: caused by bacteria, blood, crystals
Term
Foul smell of urine
Definition
In urine: caused by infection (e.coli)
Term
Sweet smell of urine
Definition
In urine: caused by diabetes or starvation (ketones)
Term
Red urine
Definition
In urine: caused by kidney stones, UTI, bladder cancer
Term
Yellow urine
Definition
In urine: caused by vitamin B12 or dehydration
Term
Brown urine
Definition
In urine: caused by glomerulonephritis or bile pigments
Term
Orange urine
Definition
In urine: caused by urinary medication side effects
Term
Components of a dipstick urinalysis (chemical exam)
Definition
Specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketone, leukocyte esterase, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrates
Term
Specific Gravity
Definition
Normal = 1.000-1.030; quick hydration test; elevated with volume depletion; decreased with excessive fluid intake, diuretics or diabetes insipidus
Term
pH
Definition
Normal is 5.0-8.0; increased with vomiting, urinary infections, kidney disease; decreased with aspirin overdose, starvation or alcohol
Term
Protein
Definition
Normal value = 0 because these are too large to pass through the glomerulus; if present associated with glomerulonephritis, hypertension and pre-eclampsia
Term
Glucose
Definition
Normal value = 0, serum levels above 150-300 will cause this to be present in the urine; associated with diabetes, burns, pancreatitis, corticosteroid use, and Cushing's disease
Term
Ketones
Definition
Produced from the breakdown of stored fat; associated with starvation or diabetic ketoacidosis
Term
Leukocyte esterase
Definition
Detects enzymes released by white blood cells; associated with UTI
Term
Bilirubin
Definition
By product of hemolysis; associated with biliary obstruction and liver injury
Term
Blood
Definition
Associated with kidney stones, urinary tract infection, urinary trauma, strenuous exercise, bladder cancer
Term
Urobilinogen
Definition
Bilirubin may interact with bacteria in the gut to produce this; associated with biliary obstruction or liver injury
Term
Nitrites
Definition
Positive result in urine indicates infection, however you may have an infection and still get a negative result
Term
Normal values for a urinalysis microscopic exam
Definition
WBC: 0-5 per high power field
RBC: 0-3 per high power field
Term
Multiple Myeloma
Definition
What does Bence Jones Protein indicate?
Term
Crystals
Definition
If found in a microscopic urinalysis they indicate kidney stones
Term
Casts
Definition
Abnormal protein formed during infection or inflammation; if red blood then indicate glomerulonephritis; if white blood then indicate pyelonephritis
Term
Liver funtions
Definition
Conjugation of bilirubin; synthesis of proteins and clotting factors; storage and disposal of nutrients, drugs and toxins
Term
Liver profile
Definition
Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT), Alkaline phosphatase, Bilirubin(conjugated and unconjugated), Albumin
Term
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Definition
Normal value is 10-40 IU/liter; may be elevated with liver, muscle or cardiac injury; less specific
Term
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Definition
Normal value is 5-35 IU/L; more sensitive for liver injury
Term
Alkaline phosphatase
Definition
Normal value is 25-100 IU/L; elevated with bile duct obstruction; however it is not specific to the biliary tract and may be elevated with new bone cell production
Term
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
Definition
Elevated with liver injury or biliary obstruction; used as a marker for alcohol use; levels remain elevated 3-6 weeks after abstinence from alcohol
Term
Unconjugated bilirubin
Definition
Elevated with hemolysis (form of bilirubin; not water soluble)
Term
Conjugated bilirubin
Definition
Elevated with bile duct obstruction (form of bilirubin; water soluble)
Term
Markers of liver function
Definition
Albumin and Prothrombin time
Term
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Definition
Normal is 11-13 seconds; measures the extrinsic pathway of coagulation; Used to monitor patients on coumadin
Term
Partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Definition
Normal 24-35 seconds; measures intrinsic coagulation pathway; used to monitor patients on heparin
Term
Amylase
Definition
Normal value = 12-60 IU/L; enzyme found in pancreas and salivary glands; peaks earlier and declines more rapidly with pancreas inflammation; less specific
Term
Lipase
Definition
Normal value = 20-200 IU/L; takes longer to increase with pancreas inflammation but remains elevated longer; more specific
Term
Sodium
Definition
Normal value = 135-145 mEq/L; major extracellular cation; involved with maintenance of blood and body fluids and conduction of impulses; regulated by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Term
Hypernatremia (elevated sodium)
Definition
>145 mEq/L; not enough water in the body(dehydration); vomitting and diarrhea; endocrine problems like SIADH, aldosteronism or diabetes insipidus
Term
Hyponatremia (low sodium)
Definition
Less than 135 mEq/L; too much water in the body (overhydration); endocrine problems such as Cushing's Disease
Term
Elevated potassium (hyperkalemia)
Definition
Greater than 5.5 mEq/L; cell injury, kidney failure, endocrine disorders such as Addison's
Term
Hypokalemia (decreased potassium)
Definition
Less than 3.5 mEq/L; malnutrition; vomiting and diarrhea; diuretics
Term
Chloride
Definition
If elevated (>106 mEq/L) sign of dehydration or overactive parathyroid glands; if decreased (<96 mEq/L) sign of vomiting
Term
Magnesium
Definition
Normal = 1.8 - 2.6 mg/dL; if elevated sign of kidney disease and use of antacids; if decrease sign of poor diet, alcoholism, diarrhea or diuretics
Term
Calcium
Definition
Normal value = 8.8 - 10.4 mg/dL; only the ionized form is metabolically active; important in muscle contraction, cardiac function nerve impulse, and blood clotting; if elevated indicates hyperparathyroid hormones, cancer or excessive vitamin D; if decreased indicates hypoparathyroid hormones, deficient protein or vitamin D deficiency
Term
Glucose
Definition
Formed from carbohydrate digestion and conversion of glycogen to glucose by the liver; Insulin decreases this and glucagon increases it; fasting levels should be 60-126; elevated indicates diabetes, endocrine disorders, prednisone therapy or pancreatitis
Term
Hemoglobin A1C
Definition
Normal value is <5%; reflects the average blood glucose concentration over the past 2-3 months; useful for diabetes management
Term
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Definition
Normal is 6-20 mg/dL; produced in the liver as waste from protein breakdown; has to be filtered by the kidneys and is excreted in the urine; if elevated indicates impaired kidney function, increased protein catabolism, dehydration; if decreased indicates liver failure, malnutrition or endocrine disorders (SIADH)
Term
Creatinine (Cr)
Definition
Normal value is 0.9-1.3 in men and 0.6-1.1 in women; constant and correlates to muscle mass; assesses renal function; more sensitive and specific than BUN; elevated indicates impaired renal function or large muscle mass; decreased indicates decreased muscle mass or liver disease
Term
Uric Acid
Definition
Normal 3.4-7.0 mg/dL; formed from the breakdown of nucleonic acids and is the end product of purine metabolism; increased with gout, leukemia and renal failure
Term
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Definition
Normal 0.4-4.2 mIU/L; if elevated indicates hypothyroidism; if decreased indicates hyperthyroidism
Term
T4(thyroxine) and T3(triiodothyronine)
Definition
If elevated indicate hyperthyroidism; if decreased indicate hypothyroidism
Term
Sedimentation Rate
Definition
Marker of inflammation (microbiology test)
Term
D-dimer
Definition
Marker of clotting process; useful to screen for venous thrombosis (DVT or PE)
Term
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Definition
Hormone produced by the ventricles of the heart; increased with ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload; increased with congestive heart failure
Term
Blood culture
Definition
Microbiology test used when bacteremia is suspected
Term
Urine culture
Definition
Microbiology test used when urinary infection or pyelonephritis is suspected
Term
Throat Culture
Definition
Microbiology test used when streptococcal pharyngitis is suspected
Term
Sputum culture
Definition
Microbiology test used to diagnose pneumonia
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