Term
| After the ovum has been fertilized it is now called a _________, which has all 78 chromosomes. |
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Definition
it's in this picture
[image] |
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| the process of separating a poultry carcass into distince pre-determined value added parts for customer convenience |
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Definition
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| chilling the carcass (deep muscle tissue) to <4 C (40 F), in <4 hours, for a 4 lb. carcass (due to volume of U.S. plants, process happens much quicker, <1 hr) |
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| removing the bones and associated structures (e.g. cartiladge) from the cut-up parts |
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| Away from the mass of the body when on a limb |
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Definition
fluffy or plumulaceous; these feathers have a less organized structure
-trap air for insulation
-Why do chicks have down, not feathers? Because they cannot thermoregulate |
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Definition
| use of low voltage (12 -40 volts) / high frequency (~500 Hz) for a short duration (3 - 5 seconds) electrical stunning is used to render the bird unconscious in preparation for automated killing |
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Definition
| removing visceral pack and associated organs for the carcass |
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| room where the evisceration is done |
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very small, hair-like feathers with rudimentary barbs and barbules which are located at the apex.
-a.k.a. “Pin Feathers”
-Hard to remove in processing
-If dark in color, very detrimental to carcass |
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Definition
| production of sperm motility factor |
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Definition
| spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis |
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Term
| Function of the vas deferens |
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Definition
| sperm storage and transport of sperm to cloaca |
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Definition
Preparation of a WOG into other products such as...
-Cut-up
-Debone
-Marinating, etc |
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Definition
-55 – 60 C (132 – 140 F)
-Designed to remove outer skin (i.e., cuticle) layer – “white bird”
-Preferred product in further processing market
-Improved feather removal and batter/breading adhesion |
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Definition
| cutting thru the hock joint to remove the shanks |
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Term
| How long does the sperm have to fertilize the ovulated ovum in the infundibulum? In other words, what is the timeframe for the fertilization window in chickens? |
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Definition
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Term
| How were the different treatments assessed in reference to inhibiting microbial growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → ______ → TH |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → ______ → Thyroid → TH |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus → TRH → ______ → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus → ______ → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
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Definition
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Term
| It takes a chicken ________ days to hatch, but development really takes _____ days (since some development occurs within the oviduct. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| LH → ______ → testosterone |
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Definition
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Definition
| large white follicles; these are the F1 follicles and such |
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Definition
| Portions of the carcass not normally consumed by humans, such as blood, feathers, heads, etc. in the US |
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Definition
| producing poultry parts that are of equal shape, size, and weight |
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Definition
| producing a whole poultry carcass known in the industry as a WOG (without giblets) |
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Definition
| Toward the mass of the body when on a limb |
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Definition
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Definition
| small yellow follicles; these are smaller than the larger follicles (F1 and such) |
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Definition
| putting carcass in hot water to loosen the feathers |
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Definition
| the line where bird carcasses are hung |
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Definition
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Definition
| the room where birds are slaughtered |
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Definition
-50 – 54.5 C (123 – 130 F)
-Designed to retain outer skin (i.e., cuticle) layer – “yellow bird”
-Preferred product in whole carcass market
-Disadvantage of increased difficulty in feather removal |
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Definition
it's in this picture
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| the gland birds use for preening; this is located dorsally at the base of the tail |
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Term
| What are the circles called that were counted on the petri films and what do they represent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Foramen Triosseum? |
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Definition
| opening formed by scapula, clavicle and coracoid through which the tendon of the pectoralis minor muscle passes |
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Term
| What is the difference between electrocution and electrical stunning? |
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Definition
| electrocution kills the bird immediately and electrical stunning renders the bird unconscious w/o killing it |
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Term
| What is the optimal temperature for development to occur during incubation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What position did the bird take just prior to laying the egg? |
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Definition
| posture more like that of a penguin |
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Term
| What was injected to induce oviposition in the leghorns? |
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Definition
| 1-2 ml Oxytocin IV via the brachial vein or medial metatarsal vein |
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Term
| What was the impact of the High Energy/Low Protein diet? |
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Definition
-Higher corn / soybean in diet
-Increased Fat Pad weight
-Lower Body weight |
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Term
| What was the impact of the High Salt diet? |
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Definition
-Pendulous crop: enlarged crop that protrudes from neck
-Excess water consumption that results in a wetting of feathers in the head and neck region
-Elevated mortality
-Swollen kidneys
-Large testes
-Wet neck feathers and litter
-greater body weight |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Low Energy/High Protein diet? |
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Definition
-High Soybean / Low corn
-Lower fat pad weight
-greater body weight |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Low vitamin D/Low Calcium diet? |
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Definition
-Increased Growth Plate Score
-Flexible beak
-UV filter (no vit D or limestone in diet) |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Raw Soybean Meal diet? |
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Definition
-Raw Soybean has Trypsin inhibitor
-Soybean meal needs to be cooked to denature the Trypsin inhibiting enzyme
-Decreased Body weight and increased pancreatic weight |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Salt Deficiency diet? |
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Definition
-Lower body weight
-Need Na to drive Na co-transporters for nutrient absorption |
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Term
| What was used to euthanize the birds and how was it administered? |
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Definition
| Euthasol injected into the brachial vein on the wing |
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Term
| What were the different treatments in the microbiology experiment? |
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Definition
| -Control (H20)
-50 ppm Chlorine
-50 ppm Peracetic Acid
-1% Acetic Acid |
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Term
| When does cell division take place and in what area of the oviduct? |
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Definition
| starts about ~3 hours + after fertilization (in the Isthmus) |
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Term
| Where are chicken sperm stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are sperm stored in the female reproductive tract? |
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Definition
| sperm storage tubules at the utero-vaginal junction |
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Term
| Where does the majority of sperm penetrate during fertilization? |
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Definition
| vitelline membrane around/near germinal disc |
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 13?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 17?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 20?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 27?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 28?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 29?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the male chicken is number 9?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| Who would prefer hard scalding, why? |
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Definition
| further processed market because of improved feather removal and better breading/battering ability |
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Term
| Who would prefer soft scalding, why? |
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Definition
| whole carcass market because it retains cuticle so you get a yellow bird |
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Term
| ______ → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ → Testes → testosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of time egg spends in infundibulum |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of time egg spends in isthmus |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of time egg spends in magnum |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of time egg spends in shell gland |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of time egg spends in vagina |
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Definition
| a few minutes; maybe 30 sec to 1 min |
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Term
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Definition
they are found around the mouth and eyes of poultry and are believed to aid in sensory ability and protect sensitive areas.
-Comparable to mammalian eyelashes |
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Term
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Definition
| typical contour feathers are the flight quills on the wings and tail. They cover the body of the bird and have more down at the lower part of the feather. Down part of feathers trap air (insulate). |
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Term
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Definition
thin translucent membranous structures in abdominal cavity linked to respiratory airways
The air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
feed storage and moistening
in some birds, such as pigeons and doves, crop epithelial cells become filled with lipid under the influence of the hormone prolactin and are sloughed off; this produces crop milk |
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Term
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Definition
intestinal loop surrounding pancreas
In addition to the pancreatic enzymes that commence digestion, the endothelial cells of the intestinal lining have enzymes that further digest macromolecules via contact digestion (aminopeptidase, dipeptidase) |
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Term
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Definition
tube from mouth to stomach that is open at the mouth end
Peristalic waves |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes bile into small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular stomach; mechanical breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| engulf ovulated ovum and site of fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| site of inner and outer egg shell membrane deposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| The kidneys of birds extract nitrogenous waste from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
-formation of bile (that's the biggie)
-detoxification of harmful compounds
-vitamin storage
-storage of glucose in the form of glycogen
-destruction of red blood cells
-formation of plasma proteins
-variety of hormonal roles (IGF-1, activation of T4 to T3, inactivation of hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
| a place for oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of albumen to egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| As it does in other species, the pancreas plays a role in digestion, in addition to being critical as the course of glucose regulation (insulin and glucagon).
Pancreatic Exocrine Secretions:
-Lipase
-Amylase
-Proteolytic enzymes
-NaHCO3
Proteolytic enzymes secreted by Pancreas: Trypsinogen, Procarboxypeptidase, Chymotripsinogen. |
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Term
| function of Proventriculus |
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Definition
glandular stomach (HCl and gastric juices); enzymatic
this is essentially a type of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| bird’s voice box, located at bifurcation of trachea lungs |
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Term
| function of Uterus (shell gland) |
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Definition
| egg plumping, shell deposition, pigmentation and cuticle addition. |
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Term
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Definition
-a circulatory system (driven by the new embryo heart) infused membrane
-When fully developed the Allantois completely surrounds the embryo
-has respiratory, excretory, and digestive functions |
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Term
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Definition
-The Amnion forms a sac that fills with fluid in which the embryo floats
-Provides a shock-absorbing environment |
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Term
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Definition
| short segment of oviduct between the egg shell gland and cloaca. |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the yolk and produces an enzyme that converts yolk material into a food source |
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Term
| how many chromosomes does a diploid chicken cell have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how to calculate part yield |
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Definition
| ((total weight of sellable product) / (total original carcass weight)) * 100% |
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Term
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Definition
| percent of sellable product produced from the chilled poultry carcass after cut up and deboning |
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Term
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Definition
-Temperature below which embryo becomes dormant and most development stops
-Temperature above which embryo development activity starts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| role of acrosome in chicken sperm |
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Definition
| Hydrolytic Enzymes Digest Hole in Vitelline membrane |
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Term
| role of flagella in chicken sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| role of mitochondria in chicken sperm |
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Definition
| cellular respiration and energy |
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Term
| role of pronucleus in chicken sperm |
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Definition
| packaging the male's genes |
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Term
| some sexual dimorphic features of chickens |
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Definition
-Comb
-Wattle
-Hackle Feathers
-Saddle Feathers
-Sickle Feathers
-Spur |
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Term
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Definition
| avascular zone on follicular membrane - site of follicular rupture during ovulation |
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Term
| temperature at which chckens experience physiological zero |
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Definition
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Term
| the different types of feathers |
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Definition
-Contour
-Down
-Filoplume
-Semiplume
-Bristle |
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Term
| the effects of testosterone |
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Definition
-Increase Comb/Wattle weight
-Secondary Sex Characteristics respond to Androgen Treatment
-Crowing behavior |
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Term
| the effects of thiouracil |
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Definition
-Decreased Body Weight
-Increased Thyroid Weight
-Hypothyroidism Behavior – Huddle under Brooder Units |
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Term
| the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-testes axis |
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Definition
| LH → Testes → testosterone |
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Term
| the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-thyroid axis |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → TH |
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Term
| the reason the High Salt diet had the effect it did |
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Definition
| Due to the diuretic effect of salt (eXtension, 2017), the birds given the high salt diet drank more water than all the other birds while they were still alive. This caused their feathers to become wetter and their litter to have a higher water content than the other birds (eXtension, 2017). These birds were also some of the largest birds and had excess fluid in their body cavities, larger kidneys and testes, and a pendulous crop |
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Term
| the reason the Low vitamin D/Low Calcium diet had the effect it did |
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Definition
| because without vitamin D, chickens can not absorb the calcium they need for the proper growth and development of the bones and the beak (Pandit, 2015). The thicker growth plate may also be caused by this diet, because this condition, known as tibial dyschondroplasia |
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Term
| the reason the Salt Deficiency diet had the effect it did |
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Definition
| because chickens use sodium dependent co-transporters to take up amino acids (Benson, 2017). While these chicks were still alive, they were also very lethargic, because sodium is needed for some important physiological processes, such as osmoregulation (Leeson, 2016), metabolism, and proper functioning of muscles and nerves (eXtension, 2017). Sodium is also needed for the uptake of monosaccharides in a transport mechanism that requires sodium |
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Term
| the reason the high energy/low protein diet had the effect it did |
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Definition
| because low protein diets increase the feed conversion ratio (Ross Tech, n.d.) and increase deposition of abdominal fat |
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Term
| the reason the low energy/high protein diet had the effect it did |
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Definition
| because more protein in the diet increases the live weight of the bird (Ross Tech, n.d.) and reduces deposition of body fat |
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Term
| the reason the raw soybean meal diet had the effect it did |
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Definition
| The reason for the smaller body weight is because raw soybeans have a trypsin inhibitor, which makes a chicken less able to metabolize and use amino acids (University of Georgia, 2016). Not only is trypsin an active protease, but it also helps to convert procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into the active proteases carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin, respectively (Benson, 2017). Trypsin also helps in the synthesis of enterokinase, which converts trypsinogen into trypsin (Benson, 2017). If trypsin is inhibited, it can not do its job properly, which leads to smaller live weight due to the chicken taking up less amino acids and proteins. Meanwhile, the pancreas responds to this by making more trypsinogen, making the pancreas bigger. |
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Term
| the three different embryonic tissue layers |
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Definition
-Ectoderm
-Endoderm
-Mesoderm |
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Term
| things that develop from the ectoderm |
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Definition
-Skin
-Feathers
-Beak
-Claws
-Eye (Lens, Retina)
-Nervous System
-Mouth, vent lining |
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Term
| things that develop from the endoderm |
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Definition
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Endocrine System |
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Term
| things that develop from the mesoderm |
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Definition
- Muscles
- Bones
- Blood
- Repro System
- Excretory System |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the chest or abdomen |
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Term
| what happens at day 12 of embryonic development? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens at day 13 of embryonic development? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens at day 14 of embryonic development? |
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Definition
| Emrbyo turns with head towards large end of egg |
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Term
| what happens at day 20 of embryonic development? |
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Definition
| Embryo is now breathing and punctured air cell |
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Term
| what happens at day 21 of embryonic development? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens at day 3 of embryonic development? |
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Definition
| heart beats, blood vessels visible |
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Term
what part of the ovary is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
what part of the ovary is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
what part of the ovary is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
what part of the ovary is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
what part of the ovary is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
what part of the ovary is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bird's leg is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bird's skeleton is number 17?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the chicken is the red block pointing at?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the chicken wing is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the egg is number 9?
[image] |
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Definition
| germinal disk (blastodisc) |
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Term
which part of the feather is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the feather is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the feather is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the feather is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the feather is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the feather is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 10?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 11?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 13?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 16?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 20?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 32?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female chicken is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 12?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 10?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 15?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 20?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 24?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 27?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 28?
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 33?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the male chicken is number 7?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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