Tempertures

Pasuerization - 63

Autoclave - 121

Control 37

Boiling water 100

Human 37

Freezing 0 or 32

Agar is suitable for growing

Bacteria because it doesnt consume it

Melts at 100 c and resulidifys at 45c or RT

Handwashing

Look for a plate that has

BEFORE/AFTER

Normal Flora - Organisms that live live in or on body surfaces that do not normally cause disease, but are actually beneficial. This broken down to two groups

TRANSIENT FLORA

RESIDENT FLORA

SIGNS

Objective. Things you can see. FACT.... temperture, fever

SYMPTOMS

Subjective -You cant see

Chest Pain, Headache

Soaps - What makes them Effective?

If proper procedures are followed:

First wet hands, then apply soap, Next rub your hands together vigorously, rubbing all surfaces for 20seconds.

Rinse well and dry your hands.

Plain Soaps Are:

Surfactants or Wetting agents. They remove bacteria and dirt by lowering surface tension and emulsification of fats and oils

Why wasnt Iodine Effective?

Because of the expiration date on the bottle.

DENTAL CARIES

Snyder Agar  what does it contain?

- contains sucrose and a PH indicator called Bromcresol green.

What is Ph indicator of Snyder Agar?

Bromcresol green

Pathogens

Cause diseases

Determined by signs and symtoms

Opportunists

Generally non-pathogenic

very young, veryold, immunocompromised individuals, antibiotic therapy

Dental Caries

Org: Streptococcus mutans

love sugar, particularly sucrose

Convert enzymatically into long chains of sticky carbohydrate(dextrose)

Dextran

allows adhesion, colonization, biofilm, community

Biofilm

becomes DENTAL PLAQUE

Dextran allows org to adhere, which allows colonization of the org. The colonization of this org forms BIOFILM

Dental caries MEDIA:

Synder agar; sucrose, ph indicator (Bromcresol green)

GREEN : GOOD

YELLOW : acidic

Value: 0-4

O= no change

4= bright yellow

Quadrant Streak Plates

GOAL: get isolated colonies

First step in getting pure colonies

MOST IMP STEP: 1/2 streak

Flame 1,2 quads

Quad 3,4 no flame and lazy S

Why turn dish upside down?

avoid contamination, avoid breathing into plates

condensation

Simple Microscope vs Light or Compound Microscope

Simple: single lens system

Compound: 2 lenses

Magnification

make object appear larger, not better

Resolution

ability to see 2 objects are separate, not blurry, have distinct outlines

Ocular lens: binocular

Objective lens:

scanning: 4x

Low power: 10x

High Power/ high dry: 40x

Oil immersion:100x

Ocular is always : 10

X

Objective lens

10x100 = 1000. Best you can get

How does Oil Immersion work:

it reduces the amount of scattered light because it isnt bending

Wet Mounts; (lake, pond water)

What are the organisms:

Algae and protozoa

Wet Mount

Benefits -

quick, easy,

 can view large eukarotic cells.

Able to see depth of field better

 Wet Mount

CONS: drys quickly

alive so could be a hazard

What is Proto Slow?

Used in Wet mounts only to slow down org so it can be viewed better

What is a Smear?

It is a Mono Layer

What is the difference between plate and broth?

Only one difference. WATER

What is a Salt?

it is a chemical compound that is made of two parts, a positively charged part is called Cation

CATION - positively charged part

Anion - Neg. charged part

What is the difference between Basic and Acid?

The CHROMOPHORE

Basic has a pos. one

Acid has a neg. one

What dye do we use most in Lab

Basic

Only Acidic one we use is what?

India Ink

Why is India Ink Acidic?

because it has a neg. charge 

GRAM STAIN

The best culture (age)

 is at 18 to 24 hrs.

  What Gram stain do we NEVER have in LAB?

GNC - It is rare in Nature

What is another name for Gram Stain?

Differential Stain - the reason it is called this is you see more than one color. You are using two different ????(dyes)

Gram Stain Procedures

make a smear of the desired culture, being sure very  thin smear

- Place smear on the staining rack and flood w crystal violet

-Leave for 1 min.

-Rinse, shake off and go to next step quickly

-apply mordant (Gram's Iodine) for 1min

-rinse

-Decolorize w ethyl alcohel for 3-5 sec.

-Rinse off excess decolorizer

-Counterstain w safranin, leave for 2min.

rinse off for final time and allow slide to air dry fully

-View under oil immersion

Can be saved for 1 year

Purpose of Each Gram Stain Step

First step Crystal violet - Primary stain.It stains all organisms

Mordant - Gram's iodine. this increase the affinity or attraction between the org. and the primary dye.

ethyl alcohol- this attempts to remove the blue color from only one group of bacteria.

Counterstain - Safranin. Any cells that lost their color with the decolorizing step are now clear and are counterstained w the additon of safranin.

IF CELLS ARE BLUE - GRAM POSITIVE

IF CELLS ARE RED - GRAM NEGATIVE

Decolorizer - eth

Gram Stain Procedure:

Make a smear of the desired culture. Make very thin smears.

Place the smear on rack and flood w Crystal Violet for 1min.

Rinse off excess dye using gentle stream of water. Shake off excess water

Apply Mordant - Gram iodine for 1min.

Rinse as before

Decolorize w/ethyl alcohol for 3-5 sec.

Rinse off excess decolorizer

Counterstain w safranin, leaving on for 2 minutes.

Rinse off for the final time and allow to air dry

View under oil immersion. Slides can be saved for 1 year.

What is the structure being stained in a GRAM STAIN?

The structure imparting color is the cell well

Why are Gram Pos and Gram Neg different colors

due to chemical differences in the structure of the bacterial cell wall.

What is the Best age of culture is ?

18-24 hrs

Differences shown by the Gram stain are:

Gram neg. -

wall contains alcohol soluble lipids

Producer of endotoxin

Lipid A - need to give a slow dosage or endotoxin will be released and pt will go into shockk

sensitive to tetracycling

GRAM POS. lacks the lipids and retains crystal violet-iodine complex used 

Produces exotoxins

susceptible to certain antibiotics and phenol disinfectants

Basic dye what colors will be what?

Background Clear

Org. colored

Acidic Dyes what will be colored what?

Background color

Org. clear

Negative Stain

ACCP

Acidic stain

clear cell

colored background

Push smear

NO HEAT FIXING

Negative Stain

Advantages:

No heat, better look at size and shapes

faster than simple,smear and staining done in one step

Disadvantages :

Because no heat fix potentially dangerous

What is a NB made with:?

 water based, yeast extract, NaC1, beef pepton, phbuffer,

If you see Malachite Green what stain is she referring too?

Schaeffer Fulton Enpospore Stain

If she puts out Ethyl Alcohl which stain did we use this on?

Gram Stain

What orgs were used in Acid Fast?

Mycobacterium smegmatis

micrococcus luteus

What orgs were used in Endospore Stain?

Bacillus subtilis

old and new

old - 3days

young 24-48

What are the two org that endospores are made from?

Bacillus and Clostridium

What are procedures for Endospore?

Stain: Malachite green

Decolorizer: water

Counterstain : Safranin

What is purpose?

to differentiate between orgs that can produce endospores and those that cant

Endosopore procedures

Use steam heat to allow the primary stain to penetrate the thick spore coat.

Water for decolorizer

Safrain used to color the vegetative cells

Why do we have to use special Stains on the Acid Fast?

Because of the thick waxy coat is resistant and impervious to decolorizing agents. so you cook in primary stain. THen the acid alcohol will strip the the primary dye from the non acid fast cellsl of the primary dye, carbolfuchsin BUT. will not penetrate the AFB. Then the Non acid fast org are counterstained w methylene blue so they can be seen under OI

What color will the Non acid org be?

Blue

What color will the acid fast orgs be>

PINK

What is one of the Most Imp. environmental org from Bacillus(endospore)

 is B.anthracis

B.cereus also causes problems as a food pathogen

Clostridium contains some of the worst pathogen known to humans like Tentanus,botulism

What is NB made out of?

water based, yeast extract, beef peptone, NaCI,ph buffer

What is NAP made out of ?

same as NB, just add agar

What color will org be on Endospore Stain?

Endo - Green

Veg - Red

green and red - sporalation phase

What is microbial growth?

relates to an increase in the number of cells rather than in the size of individual cells

What is Macroscopic growth?

Is big enough to be seen or examined by the naked eye

How are Broths asset?

check for pellet - on bottom

check for pelicle on top

then resuspend

then one inch from paper

why is Ethyol Alcolyl critical step on a Gram Stain?

has too do w mono layer - some are thicker so would call for longer Ethyol Alcohol time

Trouble shooting for Gram Stains

Org is not blue enough???

Inc. the timing of the primary dye, crystal violet

or Iodine not left on long enough

Gram Positive orgs appear negative?

over decolorizing on alcohl step. Decrease the time

Gram neg appear gram Pos.?

Under - decolorzing. This usually happens when smears are too thick. You can try decolorzing longer but best thing is too make new smear

Orgs are not red eough and are very difficult to see?

Safranin not lft on long enough. inc the time on safranin

Org stains unevened on a gram stain due to the state of the cell wall? Why?

Org are too old, young or are sporulating

If it is not a baccillus or cocci what is it?

Most likely, GNR

What is Parocal ?

This is the quality of the microscope that allows you to change obj. lenses w/o greatly altering the focus.

EQUAL FOCUS

What is Depth of field?

as one layer is being veiwed, other layers fade out and get blurry.

Refractive Index?

the degree that light bends is indicated by the refractive index.

Refractive index and OI is the same as glass

Working distance?

space between glass slide and the objective lens in position

Base and Body of m.scope?

Supports all of the working parts

Arm? what is purpose

to connect the base to the part of scope that houses the various lenses. Used to grab scope to move from oneplace to another.

Lamp

Provides illumination

Voltage Regulator

Used to vary the voltage going to the lamp

What is Menisus?

Causes a concave

and adheres to side of the tubes

Oil Immersion -

light passes through oil directly into galss objective lens, little light escapes after entering the condenser. Refractive Index of immersion oil is same as glass.

How do you Adjust light on scope?

Iris deaphragm

Condesnser,

Voltage regulator

Rule of Agar

Not a good food source, that is why not a good media

hardens at 100c and resolidifys at 45c

When did we use Methyl Cellulose?

That is same as Proto-Slo and was used only on Wet Mounts

What was the result in class on the Environmental Culture?

NG would be found where metals, credit cards cuz they dont support growth.

Bacterial Population Counts:

SPC -  counts what??

only viable organisms are counted

Direct microscopic Counts -

 both dead and alive are counted

Turbidometric methods - both dead and alive

Invisiable Killer Movie

Stachybotrys toxic Mold(Black mold)

grows due to water damage

causes brain damage,seizures, brain fogginess

equalibruim off, vomiting diahreea

Group B Strep

Common Bacteria found in intestines if passed to baby it will dye.

Causes brain damage. Mental Retardation.1/3 of women carry it. 1-2% will get it.

Prevention is simple if antibodics during labor or test whil preganet.

Transverse Mylitis

34,000 cases in this county

couldnt breath, couldnt feel limbs

paralze

are syndrome that hits the spinal cord and

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

E. coli from well water

Attacks internal organs

attacks liver, kidneys brain,

You can find E coli anywhere

Little girls that died

Capsule Stain

It is a combo of NEgative stain and the Simple Stain

Capsule Stain 

Org used: Klebsiella Pneumoniae,Bacillus megaterium or Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Capsule Stain

Stains used:

Primary dye: India ink (used for Push Smear)

Decolorizer: 0.1NHC1

Counterstain: Safranin

Background will be brown

Capsule will be clear w/pink in center(that is the vegetative cell)

What is the Bacterial Capsule called?

Termed Glycocalyx

What is the purpose of the bacterial Capsule?

gives an addl layer of protection to the cell

It resists being engulf by white blood cell

What are capsules made of?

mucoid polysaccharides or gelantinous polypeptides.

Quanatative means

The actual counted growth

Why will capsule stain sensitive to heat?

because the normal heat fix step of smear preparation. it would cause some non encapsulated cells to shrink, leaving holes in the stain that appear to be capsules. But if you dont heat the org will wash off the slide during the dying process.

Capsule stain  2 genera that produces capsule:: Streptococcus pnemonia

Klebsiella pneumonia

How does this stain work? It has 2 different stains, neg and simple

Orgs used:Klebsiella pneumoniae

bacillus megatridium

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Capsule Stain Procedure

Make a push smear

add a drop of india ink to the slide

mix in a small part of a colony

or 2 loopfuls from a broth into the India Ink

MIX gently

push smear

allow to dry

flood smear for 30 sec. w 0.1.NHC1

Pour off excess acid and air dry again

Counterstain w/ safranin for 1min

rinse safranin w tap water

Air Dry

view under OI

What are the results of a Capsule Stain?

Red colored rods(K.pneumoniae or B megaterium or S.cerevisiae)

The Red color is the vegetative cell.

Clear area around the colored cells indicate the capsule. seen against a red or BLUE background.

qualitative evaluation -

You look at it and say NG or Growth

amount of microbial growth in our lab media, estimating turbidity in broths.

Colony forming units CFU- Why use to know this term?

Since it is impossible if a colony formed from a single cell, or from a number of cells clumped together, it is more accurate and generally accepted in industry to use the notation CFU

Characteristics and requirements of each Gram type

GRAM -    wall contains alcohol-soluble lipids

producers of endotoxins

Sensitive to tetracycling antibiotics

aminoglycoside antibiotics

Susceptible to chlorine,detergent,iodine,

Lipid A: endotoxemia - need  to give a slow dosage,  Endotoxins released into blood, shock

       GRAM+   lacks the lipids and retains crystal violet-iodine complex used.

Producers of exotoxins

susceptible to certain antibiotics and phenol disinfectants

What is a subculture?

making org from original primary plate or broth

Acid Fast Stain

Ziehl-Neelson stain

Mycobacterium: Thick waxy; coat exterior(lipoidal coat-mycolic acid) extremely resistant to most decolorizing agents 

Dual Smear: two bacterial species on one side

quality control

Result:Acid-Fast-Bacilli: Bright fushsia pink

Non Acid - BLue

Special Stains:

Flagella, endospores,capsules,

Schaeffer Fulton Endospore Stain

Org used: Bacillus subtilis

Purpose:  to differentiate between org that can produce endosportes and those that cant.

IT TESTS for tetanus, botulis

Thick:  outer coat: cell wall material, calcium diplocholinate,Kertain

Stains used. Malachite Green,decol: water and counter: safranin

Is Algae motile or non motile?

Non-motile

Is protozoa motile or non??

Motile

Requirements for Microbial Growth

Nutrional reg.

CAP

HC

Carbon - most essential element for life on earth

Autotrophs - can fix carbon fromCO2 found in the atmosphere, which is inorganic.

Heterotrophs must obtain their carbon from organic and sources such as meat and veggies

Energy source - to survive, all orgs must be agble to produce energy (ATP) on a daily basis. Some org are phototrophs, meaning they use radiant sunlight for their energy source. These are rare, most org energy is obtained from a chemical source in the media in the form of Carbs or amino acids. These orgs are called Chemotrophs, which are by far and away, the most abudant life forms on earth.

Nutrional Requirements contd

Growth factors - these factors are specific ing.that must be included in lab media like amino acids, vit.,blood cell, components  or materials the orgs. are unable to produce on its own

Minerals - elements like sodium,potassium, calcium,magnesium,iron,zinc,copper, phosphorous and cobalt. they are neccessary for cellular metabolism by aiding in enzyme structure and function.

Nitrogen - essential in the composition of proteins and nucleic acids.

Vitamins -

water -Since water makes up about 70-85% of a cell, it must be provided in all lab media.Tap water is never used cuz it contains excess calcium/magnesium ions. Distilled water is used

What is Agar made of??

Agar is a polysaccharide derived from marine algae(a seaweed called RHODOPHYTA. This is used to thicken media to the desired consistency.

Physical Req.

Ph of the media  - greatly affects metabolic enzyme activity.Most org like it around neutral or 7. A change in either direction if too drastic, usually harms the org, sometimes fatal.

Lab media is generally in neutral range which suffices for most microbial growth fungi being a notable exception

Types of Respiration:

Aerobic

Anaerobic

Facultative

Microaerophilic

What is Saprophytic?

Break down dead organic matter vs parisite

 what do you know about Bacillus subtilus

Known  as Hay or grass bacillus

Is Gram Positive

Found in Soil

Rod-shaped

Is a Obligate aerobe

Is not a human pathogen

Streptococcus Mutans

Gram Positive

Facultative anaerobic

Found in Human oral cavity

Contributor to tooth decay

Mycobacterium smegmatis

Generally considered a non pathogen

GPR

non motile

Used in Acid fast stain

 Staphylococcus Aureus

Gram Positive Coccus

Facultative anaerobic

Appears as grape like clusters

Most common cause of staph infections

Found in the skin, nose and throat

It can cause a wide range of illnesses from pimples, boils to life threating like pneumonia, meningitis

Growth pattern = look at notes

Micrococcus luteus

Gram Positive

Found in many places in the environment, water, soil, dust.

Most are mesophiles

It can be a Opportunistic pathogen

Bacillus megaterium

Rod shaped

Gram Positive

Found in Soil

Can survive in extreme conditions such as desert environments.

Is used to make Penicillin

Streptococcus Lactis

Gram Positive

Found as a contaminant in milk, dairy products

Common cause of Souring and coagulation

Pseudomonas Fluorescens

Gram Negative

Rod Shaped

Has multiple flagella

Found in Soil and water

Obligate Aerobe

Green

You smell it on Patients, smells like Tortilla

E. Coli

Gram neg. rod

haloduric

saccrophilic

Find in the bowel

2 ways to get a Isolated Culture

QSP

Pour plates

What is an A jar called

 Anaerogen anaerobic Jar

What is the environment in the A jar?

removal of free 02 produces anaerobic conditions w/in the jar

WHAT IS THE indicator for the A jar?

methylane blue

if it is blue it means that there is oxy if clear no oxy.

So if blue data not valid

3 experiments we used Methylene Blue

Acid

Simple

AJar

What are the char. of S.cervesciae

dull, creamy,mounted macroscopic growth

Yeast grown on SAB

Saccrophilic

Acidophilic

How do you inculate a Slant

Lazy S toward the top

How does a Bacterial cell repair itself?

 endonuclease- snips out the faulty dimers. 

DNA polymerase - brings in new pairs

DNA ligase - seals it up

Agar Deep

Same as a plate but in a Tube

What is titer?

A measure of antibody level in a patient, determined by agglutination method

What is Sabourand Dextrose Agar ?

What are some of their unique characteristics?

It is a special selective media used w/ fungi

Has a PH of 5.6 and increased sugar concentration.

It works well since Fungi are both acidophilic and saccharophilic, this medium works weel to encourage growth while inhibiting most bacteria

How does SAB inhibit the growth of unwanted Bacterial species?

It is acidic and has a high sugar concentration

What are some characteristics of YEAST?

Dull, mounted and creamy

What are some characteristics of Bacteria?

Flat and shiny

Disinfectant

you can only use on any surface that is not alive

Antiseptic

Used on live tissues but not meant to be taken in

Chemotherapy

meant to be taken into the body

2 subgroups - antibodic made from nature

synthetic - made in Lab

Broad

can kill pos. and neg gram

Narrow

can kill all one like all Gram pos or all Gram ng.

Why would you prescribe a Intermiade antibodic vs. Sensitive??

Pt. too weak to take

more cost effective

Pt allergic

Describe  Confluent Lawn Pattern

down, side, horizontal and around

In what experiment did we use the Agar Diffusion Method?

Chemical Control Agents

What organism were used in the

Chemical Control agents 

BES

Staph. aureus(GPC)

E.coli (GNR)

Bacillus megaterium(GPR)

Zone of Inhibition

Clear are of no growth around a specific disc

What does the Zone of Inhibition tell us about the agent?

if it is effective

if the org. is sensitive

How do you determine the kind of Effect? cidal or static?

You subculture from zones to NB

If org grow right up to the edge of disc then it is?

Resistant and a subculture would not be neccessary in this case

In Chemical Control why can you only say R and S?

Because we did not measure, this is not standarized

Name 10 things on KB?

Confluent lawn

mueller hinton plate

spacing, pre-labeling

18-24

0.4mm agar deep

incubation 37 + 0.1 oC

What do you know about Seratia marcescens?

It is a luxary enzyme

In good condition more pink

less will get clear

In past was not a pathogen and used to test air currents

But known to be a pathogen in some cases

What is the plate called we used in KB?

Mueller Hinton Plate

Name 4 ways that KB is standardized?

Trichothecium

It will be blue and cigars will have a split or divide

What is a reason why we would Subculture?

because you want a pure culture

You want more because you need more

How does the env. created in the Ajar differ from that of a candle jar?

CJar has small amount of o2, increased CO2 and CO

Ajar removal of free O2 produces anerobic conditions w/in the jar

Define Capneic?

grows better in CO2 under conditions of increased Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because as humnas we carry CO2, we convert OXy into CO2

What is Resazurin?

It is a oxy. indicator for Thios broth

What color is Resazurin when oxygenated?

Red/Pink

Resazurin when anaerobic?

CLEAR

What is the oxy indicator for Cjar and Ajar

Methylene Blue

What are the two components that make up the endospores thick outer coat?

Keratin

Calcium diplocolinate

What are the orgs we used in the smear prep

SA

B.cereus

E. coli

What is most common media for Fungi?

Sabouraud Dextroseagar

Why

Since fungi are both acidophilic and saccharophic, this medium works well to encourage their growth while inhibiting bacterial species

 How does heat control microbial growth

By denaturing proteins and damaging cell membranes and other internal components

 What is the difference in the procedure between making a smear of an org from a broth versus Solid media?

Procedures are the same except you add a drop of water to the slide before putting on the org

Reason is it helps emulsify the org that is most likey chunky or sticky

What kind  dye is best for staining a bacterial slide?

Basic dye - because bacteria contain a neg charge, so you need a dye that has the opposite charge

Name 3 types of special Methods we will use to mimic the different atmospheric conditions.

Thioglycollate broths

candle jars

Anaerogen anaerobic jar

Why is it important not to shake the Thio?

It may disrupt the oxygen gradient

In the Osmotic Pressure exp. we used a GRADIENT PLATE. What is that?

Is a double layered agar plate w/ concentration gradient of a particular solute in the bottom layer of the agar.

Why? to give the effect of a hypertonic environment

How does PH affect an org?

it has one of the greatest influences.All orgs have a prefered ph, where they grow best. But if you go out of the range it is equally as damaging

What is the environment of a C jar?

has a small amount of O2, increased CO2 and CO

What is purpose of an Agar Slant?

are very helpful for observation of surface growth

and can be saved for a long time

Define Serial Dilution

a way to arrive at a desired concentration. It is a stepwise dilution of a substance in a solution.

List the steps of KB procedure that are standardized

confluent Lawn

mueller hinton agar

spacing of disc

time 16-18hr

age of culture 18-24

ph 7.2-7.4

Thio indicator

resazurin

Red - if oxy present

Staphylococcus Aureus

How does org grow in NB?? What is the Growth pattern?

like a tornado

UV - What repairs dna in bacteria

Enzymes

Endonucleases- snip out faulty dimers

DNA  polymeracse brings in new pairs

Dna ligase - seals it up

what is the differene between bacteria and yeast?

Eukarotic,

 What are the difference between KB and Chemical control

subculture

KB is standardized

Dirt or soil is gram

liquid is ml

CFU per gram

CFU per ml

Sample of an Antibodic

and synthetic

Pencillin

sulfa

 Growth pattern for Semi Solid

motile will look like xmas tree or just a few dots

non motile - just see growth down the middle of the TB. not on the sides

 Tell me about Klebsiella pneumoniae

 Gram-negative,

non-motile,

 encapsulated,

lactose fermenting,

 facultative anaerobic,

rod shaped bacterium

 found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines.

Serratia marcescens 

 Gram-negative,

rod-shaped bacterium .

A human pathogen, 

  , urinary tract infections 

 wound infections,^[1][2] and is responsible for 1.4% of nosocomial bacteremia cases in the United States.^[3] It is commonly found in the respiratory and urinary tracts of hospitalized adults and in the gastrointestinal system of childrenS

What are some Environmental factors that influence the growth of microorganism?

Temp

osmotic presure

ph

UV

Bacterial Population Count

was org was used??

E. coli

Anaerobic Cultures

What org were used

MESC

Micrococcus luteus

staphylococcus aureus

escherichia coli

clostridium sporogenes

Chemical Control what orgs were used:

BES

Bacillius megaterium

Escherichia coli

staphylococcus aureus

KB what orgs are used?

ESSP

ecoli

stahphylococcus aureus

s.marcescen

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What orgs do we use in Moist heat

BBEM

Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus endospore

e. coli

mycobacterium smegmatis

What orgs in Temp.

PSB

pseudomonas aeruginosa

streptocoocus lactis

bacillus stearothermophilus

What orgs in PH

EASS

ecoli

alcaligenes faecalis

saccharomyces cerevisiae

staphylococcus aureus

What orgs in Semi Solid media?

PS

proteus mirabilis

staphylococcus epiderimidis

What org in Hanging Drop?

MP

Micrococcus luteus

pseudomonas aeroginosa

 What is another name for Acid fast stain?

It is a dual stain