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Details

Lab Quiz #1
Back, Heart, Thorax, Abdomen
180
Medical
Graduate
09/20/2011

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Structures common to all cervical vertebrae
Definition

smaller vertebral bodies

 

larger vertebral foramina

 

shorter spinous processes, w/bifurcation at tip

 

transverse processes contain a foramen transversarium

 

allows the most movement in all directions

Term
Atlas
Definition

C1

 

does not have a body

 

has anterior and posterior arches

 

part of the atlanto-occipital joint

(lateral masses of C1 with occipital condyles)

Term
Axis
Definition

C2

 

has the dens (was the body of C1 that fused to C2 during development)

 

articulates with Atlas (atlantoaxial joint)

 

held by alar ligaments and cruciate ligament (transvers, super. and infer. longitudinal ligaments)

Term
structures common to thoracic vertebra
Definition

spinous processes are long and directed inferiorly over the next vertebrae below it

 

articulates with ribs at the costal facets: two costal facets on each side of vert body, and one costal facet on the transverse processes

 

body costal facets -> head of rib

transverse costal facet -> tubercle of rib

 

small forward flexion, lateral flexion, rotation

Term
structures common to lumbar vertebra
Definition

largest vertebral bodies

 

broad spinous processes, project posteriorly

 

no costal facets

 

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, no rotation

Term

Trapezius:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

superficial back muscle

 

origin:

nuchal ligament

external occipital protuberance

spinous processes C7-T12

Term
vertebra prominens
Definition

spinous process of C7

 

most prominent spinous process in cervical region

 

palpable on neck

Term
vertebral level of spine of scapula
Definition
found at the level of T3
Term
vetebral level of the inferior border of the scapula
Definition
found at the level of T7
Term

Trapezius:

 

insertion

Definition

Insertions:

 

Superior part -> attached to later 1/3 of clavicle

 

middle -> to acromion and spine of scapula

 

inferior -> near medial end of spine of scapula

Term

Trapezius:

 

function

Definition

Function:

 

superior part -> elevates scapula

 

middle -> retracts scapula

 

inferior -> depresses scapula

Term

Trapezius:

 

vascular supply

Definition

vascular supply:

 

transverse cervical artery

Term

Trapezius:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

accessory nerve (CN XI)  = motor

ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 = sensory

Term

Latissimus dorsi:

 

level of muscle

 

Origin

Definition

superficial muscle

 

Origin:

 

spinous processes of T7-T12

thoracolumbar fascia

iliac crest

ribs 9-12 lateral to their angles

 

(all are proximal attachments)

Term

Latissimus dorsi:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

floor of the intertubercular sulcus on the anterior side of the humerus (distal attachment)

Term

Latissimus dorsi:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus

Term

Latissimus dorsi:

 

vascular supply

Definition

vascular supply:

 

thoracodorsal artery (on anterior surface near distal attachment)

Term

Latissumus dorsi:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

thoracodorsal nerve (on anterior surface near distal attachment)

Term

Rhomboids:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

superficial

 

origin:

 

minor -> nuchal ligament and C7 and T1 spinous processes

 

major -> T2-T5 spinous processes

Term

Rhomboids:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

minor -> medial border of scapula at level of the spine of the scapula

 

major -> medial border of the scapula inferior to the level of the spine of the scapula

Term

Rhomboids:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

minor -> retracts scapula, rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall

 

major -> retracts scapula, rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall

Term

Rhomboids:

 

vascular supply

Definition

vascular supply:

 

minor and major -> dorsal scapular vessels (on deep surface  of both and course parallel to the medial border of the scapula)

Term

Rhomboids:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

minor and major -> dorsal scapular nerve (C4 & C5)  (on deep surface of both muscles and courses parallel to the medial border or the scapula)

Term

Levator scapulae:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

superficial

 

origin:

 

C1-C4 transverse processes

Term

Levator scapulae:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

superior angle of the scapula

Term

Levator scapulae:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

elevates and rotates the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity

Term

Levator scapulae:

 

vascular supply

Definition

vascular supply:

 

dorsal scapular artery

Term

Levator scapulae:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

dorsal scapular nerve

Term
triangle of auscultation
Definition

bounded by latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and rhomboid major

 

within triangle, intercostal space 6 has no overlying muscles

 

well suited for auscultation

Term
lumbar triangle
Definition

bounded by the latissimus dorsi, external oblique, and iliac crest

 

rare site for lumbar herniations

Term

Serratus posterior superior:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

intermediate muscle

 

origin:

 

nuchal ligament

 

C7-T3 spinous processes

Term

Serratus posterior superior:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

superior borders of ribs 2 - 5

Term

Serratus posterior superior:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

respiratory muscles (elevates the ribs)

Term

Serratus posterior superior:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

ventral primary rami, intercostal nerves

Term

Serratus posterior inferior:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

intermediate muscle

 

origin:

 

T11-L2 spinous processes

Term

 

Serratus posterior inferior:

 

insertion

 

Definition

insertion:

 

inferior borders of ribs 9 - 12

Term

 

Serratus posterior inferior:

 

function

 

Definition

function:

 

respiratory muscles ( pulls ribs outward and downward, conteracting inward pull of the diaphragm)

Term

 

Serratus posterior inferior:

 

innervation

 

Definition

innervation:

 

vetranl primary rami, intercostal nerves

Term

Splenius capitis:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

deep muscle

 

origin:

 

nuchal ligament, C7-T6 spinous processes

(same as splenius cervicis)

Term

Splenius capitis:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

supieror nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

Term

Splenius capitis:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

bilateral (w/cervicis) -> extend head and neck

 

unilateral -> laterally flex head and neck to side of contraction

Term

Splenius capitis:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

dorsal primary rami

Term

Splenius cervicis:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

origin:

 

nuchal ligament and C7-T6 spinous processes

(same as splenius capitus)

Term

 

Splenius cervicis:

 

insertion

 

Definition

insertion:

 

C1-C4 transverse processes

Term

 

Splenius cervicis:

 

function

 

Definition

function:

 

bilateral (w/ capitis) -> extension of head and neck

 

unilateral -> laterally bend head and neck to side of contraction

Term

 

Splenius cervicis:

 

innervation

 

Definition

innervation:

 

dorsal primary rami

Term

Erector Spinae:

 

composition

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

composition:

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis (medial to lateral)

 

deep muscle of back

 

origin:

sacrum and ilium (all three are fused together at the origin)

Term

Erector Spinae:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

spinalis -> spinous processes of cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae

 

longissimus -> transverse processes of cervical and thoracic lumbar

 

iliocostalis -> ribs

Term

Erector Spinae:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

bilateral (all three) -> extend vertebral column

 

unilateral -> bends vertebral column laterally toward side of contraction

Term

Erector Spinae:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

dorsal primary rami

Term

Transversospinalis:

 

composition

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

composition:

semispinalis (multifidus, rotators)

 

deep muscle of back

 

transverse and spinous processes

Term

Transversospinalis:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

cause rotational and lateral bending movements between adjacent vertebra and stabilize the vertebral column

Term

Semispinalis capitus:

 

level of muscle

 

origin

Definition

deep muscle

 

part of transversospinalis

 

origin:

 

transverse process of upper thoracic vertebrae

Term

Semispinalis capitus:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

between superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone

Term

Semispinalis capitus:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

extends head and rotates head, turning face to opposite side of contraction

Term

Semispinalis capitus:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

dorsal primary rami

Term

suboccipital triangle:

 

boundaries

 

contents within triangle

Definition

boundaries:

obliquus capitis inferior (inferior boundary) , rectus capitus posterior major (medial), obliquus capitis superior (lateral)

 

contents within:

suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1) and vertebral artery

Term

greater occipital nerve:

 

emerges

 

and passes through ____ muscle

Definition

Nerve C2

 

emerges between C1 and C2

 

passes through semispinalis capitis muscle (part of transversospinalis)

Term
cervical enlargement
Definition
 C4 - T1
Term
lumbar enlargement
Definition
L2 - S3
Term

dural sac ends at ___

(vertebral level)

Definition
S2
Term

spinal cord ends at ___

(vertebral level)

Definition
L2
Term

conus medularis

(vertebral level)

Definition
between vertebral levels L1 and L2
Term
order of spine nerve (from actual spine to the nerve)
Definition
ventral and dorsal nerve rootlets -> ventral and dorsal nerve roots -> mixed spinal nerve -> ventral and dorsal primary rami
Term
what great vessels peirce the pericardium
Definition

aorta

 

pulmonary trunk

 

SVC

 

IVC

 

four pulmonary veins

Term
the three different layers of pericardium
Definition

outermost layer is fibrous pericardium, a collagen layer (no elastic fibers) with little ability to distend acutely, prevents excessive overfilling

 

two innermost layers are serous pericardium, the visceral (epicardium, innermost) and parietal layers

Term
the surfaces of the heart (names only)
Definition

posterior (base)

 

apex

 

left (pulmonary)

 

right

 

inferior (diaphragmatic)

 

anterior (sternocostal)

Term

posterior surface of the heart

 

what vertebral level

Definition

base surface

 

left atrium (receives blood from the pulmonary veins)

 

found at vertebral level T6-9

Term

apex surface of the heart

 

what intercostal space

Definition

inferior lateral portion of the left ventricle

 

found at intercostal space 5 @ midclavicular line

 

where max pulsation of heart occurs

Term
left surface of the heart
Definition

pulmonary surface

 

mainly the left ventricle

 

occupies the cardiac notch of the left lung

Term
right surface of the heart
Definition
consists mainly of the right atrium between the IVC and SVC
Term
inferior surface of the heart
Definition

diaphragmatic surface

 

consists mainly of the left ventricle

 

related to the central tendon of the diaphragm

Term
anterior surface of the heart
Definition

sternocostal surface

 

consists mainly of the right ventricle

Term
borders of the heart (names only)
Definition

right

 

left

 

inferior

 

superior

Term
right border of the heart
Definition

right atrium

 

SVC

 

IVC

Term
left border of the heart
Definition

left ventricle

 

left atrium

 

pulmonary trunk

 

aortic arch

Term
inferior border of the heart
Definition
right ventricle (think opposite of the inferior SURFACE of the heart)
Term
superior border of the heart
Definition

right atrium

 

left atrium

 

SVC

 

ascending aorta

 

pulmonary trunk

Term
structures found in the right atrium
Definition

deoxygenated blood from SVC and IVC and coronary sinus

 

right auricle

pectinate muscles (trabeculated part)

crista terminalis (internal)/sulcus terminalis (external)

sinus venarum (smooth part)

fossa ovalis

atrial septum

tricuspid valve (anterior, posterior, septal)

Term
structures found in the right ventricle
Definition

venous blood from the right atrium

 

trabeculae carneae (inflow track)

conus ateriosus (outflow track)

supraventricular crest

tricuspid valve (anterior, posterior, septal)

papillary muscles (anterior, posterior, septal)

cordae tendinae

interventricular septum

septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

pulmonary semilunar valve (anterior, right, left)

Term
structures found in the left atrium
Definition

receives oxygenated blood via the 4 pumlmonary veins (valveless)

 

left auricle

pectinate muscles

smooth part (sinus venarum?)

atrial septum

mitral valve ( anterior, posterior)

Term
structures of the left ventricle
Definition

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium

 

trabeculae careae (inflow track)

aortic vestibule (outflow track)

mitral valve (anterior, posterior)

chordea tendineae

papillary muscles (anterior, posterior)

aortic semilunar valve (posterior, right, left)

Term
trabeculated part of right and left atria
Definition
pectinate muscles
Term
smooth part of the right and left atria
Definition
sinus venarum (in right) and just smooth part of left
Term

trabeculated part of the right and left ventricles

 

(inflow or outflow track)

Definition

trabeculae carneae

 

inflow tracks

Term
smooth part of the right and left ventricles
Definition

conus arteriosus -> right ventricle

 

aortic vestibule -> left ventricle

 

outflow tracks

Term
junciton between the trabeculated and smooth part of the right atrium
Definition
crista terminalis (internal muscular ridge)
Term
tricuspid valve cusps
Definition

anterior

 

posterior

 

septal

Term
mitral valve cusps
Definition

anterior

 

posterior

Term
pulmonary semilunar valve cusps
Definition

anterior

 

right

 

left

Term
aortic semilunar valve cusps
Definition

posterior

 

right

 

left

Term
coronary arteries come off of what aortic sinuses
Definition

right and left aortic sinuses

 

(there is no posterior coronary artery)

Term
right coronary artery branches
Definition

sinoatrial nodal artery

conus branch

right marginal artery

atrioventricular nodal artery

posterior interventricular artery (right side dominance)

septal branches

Term
left coronary artery branches
Definition

left circumflex artery

intermediate ramus (variable branch)

anterior interventricular artery

posterior interventricular artery (left-side dominance)

Term
what artery travels with each great, middle, and small cardiac vein
Definition

great cardiac vein travels along with: the anterior interventricular artery (that is a branch off of the left main coronary artery)

 

middle cardiac vein travels along with: the posterior interventricular artery (usually a branch off of the right coronary artery)

 

small cardiac vein travels along with: the right marginal branch (that is a branch off of the right coronary artery)

Term
anterior cardiac veins
Definition

bridge the atrioventricular sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle

 

the drain the anterior wall of the right ventricle directly into the right atrium

 

they pass superficial to the right coronary artery

Term

three branches off of the aorta

(in order of the arch from ascending to descending side)

Definition

braciocephalic trunk

(divides into a common carotid and subclavian artery)

 

common carotid artery

 

subclavian artery

Term
ligamentum arteriosum
Definition

ligamental attachment between the inferior border of the aortic arch and the superior border of the pulmonary trunk

 

what used to be the ductus arteriosus

Term
lobes of the right lung
Definition

superior

 

inferior

 

middle

Term
lobes of the left lung
Definition

superior

 

inferior

Term
horizontal fissure of right lung divides:
Definition
divides the superior and middle lobes
Term
oblique fissure divides what lobes:
Definition

right lung -> middle and inferior

 

left lung -> superior and inferior

Term
oblique fissure of left lung divides what lobes
Definition
superior and inferior
Term
lobes of the right and left lungs that make up MOST of the anterior surface
Definition

right lung -> superior and middle lobes

 

left lung -> superior lobes

Term
apices of right and left lungs are what lobes
Definition

right lung -> superior lobe

 

left lung -> superior lobe

Term
lobes of the right and left lungs that make up MOST of the posterior surface
Definition

right lung -> inferior lobe (the uppermost part of posterior surface is the superior lobe)

 

left lung -> inferior lobe (the uppermost part of the posterior surface is the superior lobe)

Term

the division of the parietal pleura

 

and two main recesses (total of 4)

Definition

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, cervical

 

costodiaphragmatic recess

 

costomediastinal recess

Term
lingula
Definition

most inferior part of the superior lobe of the left lung

 

it is the homolog of the middle lobe of the right lung

Term
cardiac notch found on what lobe/lung
Definition
found on the left lung, mostly made up of the superior lobe
Term
impression(s) on the left lung
Definition

cardiac notch

 

arch of the aorta

 

thoracic (descending) aorta

Term
impression(s) of the right lung
Definition

esophagus

 

cardiac notch (smaller impression)

 

SVC

 

arch of azygos vein

Term
what structures compose the hilum of each lung
Definition

right lung -> right main bronchus, right pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins

 

left lung -> left main bronchus, left pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins

Term
borders and components of the superior mediastinum
Definition

separated from inferior mediastinum at sternal angle (T4)

 

trachea

esophagus

thymus

phrenic n

azygos v

SVC

brachiocephalic a/v

aortic arch

left common carotid a

left subclavian a

thoracic duct

Term
subdivions of the inferior mediastinum
Definition

anterior

 

middle

 

posterior

Term
borders and contents of the anterior mediastinum
Definition

between the sternum and pericardium

 

thymus fat

lymph nodes

connective tissue

Term
borders and components of the middle mediastinum
Definition

between the anterior and posterior mediastinums

 

pericardium

 

heart

 

roots of the great vessels (coming out of the heart)

 

phrenic nerves

Term
borders and components of the posterior mediastinum
Definition

lies posterior to the pericardium and anterior to vertebral bodies T5-12

 

descending aorta

esophagus

thoracic duct

azygos and hemiazygos v.s

thoracic splanchnic n

vagus n

Term

plexuses that innervate the lungs

 

sympathetic and/or parasympathetic?

Definition

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

 

these plexuses contain both symp and parasympathetic nerve fibers

Term

sympathetic motor nerve fibers of the lungs (direction of travel)

 

preganglionic and postganglionic

Definition

preganglionic motor starts in the IML cell column and synapse in the paravertebral chain ganglion at the cervical and thoracic (T1-4) levels with the cell bodies of the postgang.

 

postgang leave these ganglia and terminate on smooth muscle of blood vessels within the lung -> vasoconstriction

 

postgangs also terminate on postgang parasympathetic (modulate broncho activity -> bronchodilation)

Term
sympathetic sensory fibers of the lungs (direction of travel) 
Definition

cell bodies found in the dorsal root ganglion around the C7-8 and T1-4 spinal cord levels

 

peripheral process -> to lungs

 

central process -> to spinal cord

 

pain sensation

Term

parasympathetic motor fiber of lungs (direction of travel)

 

pregang and postgang

Definition

pregang cell bodies found in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, CN X, and nucleus ambiguus of medulla

 

pregang travel through the pulmonary plexuses and synapse with postgang within the lung, postgangs terminate on smooth muscle of bronchial airways -> bronchoconstriction and increased glandular secretion

Term
parasympathetic sensory fibers of the lungs (direction of travel)
Definition

cell bodies located in the inferior (nodose) ganglia of CN X

 

peripheral process -> to the lungs via CN X

 

central process -> solitary nucleus in the brain

 

touch and stretch sensation

Term
innervation of the diaphragm
Definition

phrenic nerve

(ventral primary rami of C3,4,5, motor and sensory)

 

intercostal nerves (sensory to the periphery)

Term

muscles of the thorax

(within the intercostal space)

Definition

external intercostal

 

internal intercostal

 

innermost intercostal

Term

external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles

 

superior attachment

Definition

inferior border of ribs

 

external intercostal muscle -> the muscle is angled from inferior border to medial direction

 

internal intercostal muscle -> the muscle is angled from inferior border to lateral direction

Term

external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles

 

inferior attachment

Definition

superior border of the ribs below

 

external intercostal muscle -> the muscle is angeled from inferior border of rib to medial direction

 

 internal intercostal muscle -> the muscle is angeled from inferior border of rib to lateral direction

Term

external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

ventral primary rami of T1-11 -> intercostal nerves

run in the costal groove

intercostal nerves run between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

 

ventral primary rami of T12 -> subcostal nerve

 

 

Term

external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles

 

function

Definition

external -> elevate ribs during forced inspiration (exercise, lung disease)

 

internal -> assist active expiration (exercise, lung disease)

 

innermost -> assist with internal (active expiration)

Term
internal thoracic artery branches off of what larger artery
Definition
internal thoracic artery branches off of the subclavian artery
Term
internal thoracic artery travels where and branches into what arteries
Definition
internal thoracic artery descends laterally to the sternum and branches at intercostal space 6 into musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries
Term
anterior intercostal arteries
Definition

two anterior intercostal arteries per intercostal space

 

branch off of internal thoracic artery in intercostal spaces 1-6

 

branch off of musculophrenic artery in intercostal spaces 7-9

Term
subcostal artery comes from what artery
Definition

subcostal artery is a branch of the thoracic (descending) aorta

 

(courses along inferior border of rib 12)

Term
what arteries do the posterior intercostal arteries branch off from
Definition

costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery -> superior intercostal artery -> posterior intercostal arteries of intercostal spaces 1 and 2

 

thoracic aorta -> posterior intercostal arteries of intercostal spaces 3-11

Term
how many posterior intercostal arteries per intercostal space
Definition
one posterior intercostal artery per intercostal space
Term
the anterior intercostal veins drain into what veins
Definition
anterior thoracic veins (2/space) drain into the internal thoracic veins which then drain into the brachiocephalic veins
Term
posterior intercostal veins drain into what veins
Definition

posterior intercostal veins (1/space) drain into the hemiazygos and azygo vein.

 

the right posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein

 

the left posterior intercostal veins drain into the hemiazygos vein

 

hemiazygos vein drains into azygos which drains into SVC

Term
name the different layers of the abdominal wall
Definition

skin

superficial fascia: fatty layer (camper's fascia) and membranous layer (scarpa's fascia)

 

external oblique

 

internal oblique

 

transversus abdominus

 

transversalis fascia

 

extraperitoneal fascia

 

parietal peritoneum

Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
layers that compose the superficial fascia
Definition

superficial layer: camper's fascia, composed entirely of fat

 

deep layer: scarpa's fascia, fibrous connective tissue, containing relatively little fat

Term
transversalis fascia (location in abdominal wall)
Definition

lies deep to the transversus abdominus and superficial to the peritoneum

 

inferior portion makes part of posterior boundary of inguinal canal

Term
differences between the rectus sheath superior and inferior to the arcuate line
Definition

inferior to the arcuate line -> 1 layer of rectus sheath; the aponeuroses of all three muscle layers (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus) run anterior to the rectus abdominus

 

superior to the arcuate line -> 2 layers of rectus sheath; the aponeurosis of the external oblique runs anterior to rectus abdominus; the aponeurosis of internal oblique splits and anterior half runs anterior to and the posterior half run posterior to the rectus abdominus; the aponeurosis of transversus abdominus run posterior to rectus abdominus

Term
rectus sheath
Definition

the aponeuroses of the three flat abdominal muscles

 

superior to arcuate line -> has an anterior and posterior layer with the rectus abdominus in between

 

inferior to arcuate line -> has one anterior layer

Term
linea alba
Definition
found at midline, between the two columns of the rectus abdominus, the fusion of the aponeuroses of all three abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus)
Term

external oblique muscle:

 

layer of abdominal wall, and course the fibers travel

 

origin

Definition

layer of abdominal wall:

 superficial muscle layer

 

fiber course:

from superolateral to inferomedial

 

origin:

 external surfaces of ribs 5-12

Term

external oblique muscle:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

linea alba

 

pubic tubercle

 

anterior half of iliac crest

 

(the coiled lower border makes the inguinal ligament)

Term

external oblique muscle:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

thoracoabdominal nerves T7-11

 

subcostal nerve T12

Term

external oblique muscle:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

not really found anywhere, but netter's says: bilateral contraction -> flexion of vertebral colum/trunk; unilateral contraction -> vertebral column bends laterally and rotates it, bringing shoulder of same side forward

Term

internal oblique muslce:

 

layer of abdominal muscles

 

origin

Definition

layer:

middle layers, lies deep to external oblique

 

origin:

thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral half of the inguinal ligament

Term

internal oblique muslce:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

inferior borders of ribs 10-12

 

linea alba

 

pubic crest

 

pecten pubis (via conjoint tendon)

 

forms part of superior part/roof of inguinal canal

Term

internal oblique muslce:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

thoracoabdominal nerves -> ventral primary rami of T6-12

 

first lumbar nerves

Term

internal oblique muslce:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

flexes and rotates trunk

 

compresses and supports abd viscera

Term

transversus abdominus muscle:

 

layer of abdominal muscles

 

origin

Definition

layer:

third layer of abd mucsles, lies deep to internal oblique muscle

 

origin:

 

internal surfaces of the 7-12 costal cartilages

thoracolumbar fascia

iliac crest

lateral third of inguinal ligament

Term

transversus abdominus muscle:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

linea alba

 

pubic crest

 

pecten pubis

(conjoint tendon attaches to pubic crest and pecten pubis)

 

forms part of superior part/roof of inguinal canal

Term

transversus abdominus muscle:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

thoracoabdominal nerves -> ventral primary rami of T6-12

 

first lumbar nerves

Term

transversus abdominus muscle:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

compresses and supports abdominal viscera

Term

rectus abdominus muscle:

 

origin

Definition

origin:

 

pubic symphysis

 

pubic crest

Term

rectus abdominus muscle:

 

insertion

Definition

insertion:

 

costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

 

(COA says xiphoind process)

Term

rectus abdominus muscle:

 

innervation

Definition

innervation:

 

thoracoabdominal nerves -> T7-12

(enter laterally)

Term

rectus abdominus muscle:

 

function

Definition

function:

 

flexion of the trunk

Term

deep inguinal ring:

 

made by what structure

 

location

Definition

break through the transversalis fascia (the inner surface of the abd muscles) due to testes traveling down/passing through fascia during development

 

found superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

found lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Term
inguinal ligament attachments
Definition

it is the coiled lower border of the external oblique

 

medial attachment to the pubic tubercle, and to the pectin pubis via the lacunar ligament

 

lateral attachment to the anterior-superior iliac spine

Term

superficial inguinal ring:

 

made by what structure

 

location and components

Definition

triangular defect of the external oblique muscle aponeurosis

 

located lateral to the pubic tubercle

 

lateral (inferior) crus -> portion of external oblique aponeurosis that forms lateral margin of ring, attached to the pubic tubercle

 

medial (superior crus) -> portion of the external oblique aponeurosis that forms the medial margin of ring, attached to the pubic crest

Term
boundaries of the inguinal canal:
Definition

deep -> deep inguinal ring

 

superficial -> superficial inguinal ring

 

anterior -> aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

 

inferior (floor) -> inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament

 

superior (roof) -> arching fibers of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

 

posterior -> transversalis fascia, reinforced medially by conjoing tendon

Term
direct inguinal hernia
Definition

some of the small intestine exiting the abdominal cavity medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

 

follows a direct course through the abdominal wall

 

found within the inguinal (Hasselbach's) triangle

 

common in older men

Term
indirect inguinal hernia
Definition

exits the abdominal cavity through the deep inguinal ring, course through the inguinal canal, possibly passing through superficial inguinal ring into the scrotum

 

protrudes lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

 

protrudes above and medial to pubic tubercle

 

common in young men

Term
femoral hernia
Definition

protrudes through femoral canal below the inguinal ligament

 

protrudes below and lateral to pubic tubercle

 

protrudes medial to the femoral vein

 

more common in women on the right side

 

prone to early strangulation

Term

iliohypogastric nerve

 

vertebral level, found where, innervates what

Definition

L1 nerve

 

runs parallel and superior to ilioinguinal nerves

 

innervates internal oblique, transversus abdominus, skin, and upper hypogastric region

Term

ilioinguinal nerve

 

vertebral level, found where, innervates what

Definition

L1 nerve

 

 runs parallel and inferior to the iliohypogastric

 

courses through the inguinal canal, emerges from superficial inguinal ring

 

innervates internal oblique, transversus abdominus, skin of lower inguinal region, anterior scrotum/labium majus, and medial aspect of thigh

Term
conjoint tendon
Definition

fusion of the aponeurosis of internal oblique and the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis

 

medial to the superficial ring

 

found attached to pubic crest, spine of pubis and iliopectineal line (which pectin pubis is part of this line)

Term
genitofemoral nerve
Definition

found on anterior surface of psoas muscle

 

the motor nerve to the cremaster muscle

Term
femoral nerve
Definition

lies on lateral side of psoas major

 

passes deep to the inguinal ligament

 

motor and sensory branches to anterior thigh

Term
obturator nerve
Definition

deep and medial to genitofemoral (almost within psoas muscle)

 

motor and sensory innervation to medial thigh

Term
branches of the descending/abdominal aorta
Definition
descending aorta -> right and left common iliac arteries -> each common divides into -> internal and external iliac arteries -> inferior epigastric artery branches off of external iliac -> external iliac arteries turn into femoral artery once it passes deep to inguinal ligament -> superficial circumflex iliac artery and superficial epigastric artery branch off of femoral
Term
where superior and inferior epigastric arteries anastomose
Definition

superior epigastric is a branch from the internal thoracic artery

 

inferior epigastric artery is a branch from the external iliac artery

 

they anastomose above the arcuate line, posterior to the rectus abdominus, between the posterior and anterior layers of the rectus sheath

Term
differences between the arcades and vasa recta in the jejunum vs. the ilieum
Definition

jejunum -> long vasorecta and very few arcades

 

ileum ->  short vasorecta and many arcades

Term
order of hepatic and bile ducts starting from the liver to duodenum
Definition
right and left hepatic duct (coming from right and left lobes of liver) -> both come together and make the common hepatic duct -> combines with cystic duct (2 way street from gallbladder to liver and/or duodenum) -> together make common bile duct (posterior to pancreas) -> reaches hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater) -> pancreatic duct joins ->  dump into duodenum
Term
major branches of the superior mesenteric artery
Definition

Iliocolic artery (inferior portion of ascending colon)

 

right colic artery (superior portion of ascending colon to hepatic flexure)

 

middle colic (1st branch off of superior mesenteric, mostly transverse colon, up to splenic flexure)

 

(also has many branches the supply the small intestine)

Term
major branches of inferior mesenteric artery
Definition

left colic artery (starting distal to splenic flexure of transverse colon, mostly upper portion of descending colon)

 

sigmoidal artery (rest of descending colon)

 

superior rectal artery (terminal end of inferior mesenteric artery)

Term
fusion of what arteries creates portal vein
Definition
fusion of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein (inferior mesenteric vein fuses with splenic vein before this) -> enters liver (along with proper hepatic artery from common hepatic artery, and common bile duct leaving) -> hepatic vein leave livers -> drain into inferior vena cava
Term
branches of the common hepatic artery
Definition

common hepatic artery is part of the celiac trunk that comes off of abd aorta

 

gastroduodenal artery

 

proper hepatic artery

 

cystic artery (comes off of proper hepatic)

 

right gastric artery (left is part of celic trunk coming off of aorta)

 

left and right hepatic arteries (branches of proper hepatic)

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