Term
| stains are composed of color bearing ions called ____________ that can bear a positive or negative charge. |
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Definition
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Term
| basic stains/dyes have ________ charged chromophores, also known as ________. |
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Definition
| positive charged; cationic |
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Term
| acidic stains/dyes have ________charged chomophores, also known as _________. |
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Definition
| negative charged; anionic |
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|
Term
| what do 'unlike' charges do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do 'like' charges do? |
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Definition
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Term
| when making a smear from a broth culture, it should be about the size of a ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| when making a smear using a solid media, what must be placed on the slide first? |
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Definition
| small drop of distilled water |
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Term
| why must you heat fix a slide? |
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Definition
| kills bacteria and makes them harmless; fixes the bacteria to the slide so that they won't wash off the slide |
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Term
| why is The Simple Stain technique, "simple"? |
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Definition
| it only needs a single stain; stains are just added to the cells then washed off |
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|
Term
| why is bibulous paper used? |
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Definition
| it helps blot dry the slides faster |
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|
Term
| bacteria are ________ charged on their outer surface. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the staining time for crystal violet is about ______ minute/s |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the staining time for safranin is about _____ minute/s |
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Definition
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Term
| what would happen if the staining time for safranin was longer? |
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Definition
| it will just make the stain darker and easier to see |
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|
Term
| does the Negative Stain Technique need to be heat fixed? |
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Definition
| no heat is used in this technique |
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|
Term
| when using a simple negative stain technique in a smear, it will stain the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the morphology of Bacillus cereus (BC)? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the morphology of staphylococcus aureaus (SA)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the morphology of E.coli? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some advantages of a wet mount? |
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Definition
| easier to prepare; less expensive; disposable |
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Term
| what are some disadvantages of a wet mount? |
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Definition
| drys out faster; limits the amount of time you can observe the motility and activity of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are some advantages of a hanging drop? |
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Definition
| does not dry out as rapidly; you can observe motility and activity of organisms longer |
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Term
| what are some disadvantages of a hanging drop? |
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Definition
| labor intensive; expensive; must be cleaned each time |
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Term
| microorganisms can be motile by means of ______, ______, or ______. |
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Definition
| flagella, cilia, or pseudopods |
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Term
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Definition
| when a microbe can move toward a chemical stimulus, like a source of nutrient, or away from a harmful substance |
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|
Term
| what is a 'positive chemotaxis'? |
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Definition
| like a source of nutrient |
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|
Term
| what is a 'negative chemotaxis'? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| some bacteria are motile by means of _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is "Brownian motion"? |
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Definition
| when water molecules collide with bacteria and cause them to move |
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Term
| what is the difference between true motility and brownian motion in terms of direction? |
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Definition
| true motility are direction and brownian motion are non-directional |
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Term
| when viewing organisms, lowering the condenser will do what? |
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Definition
| increase the contrast; allow unstained bacteria to be seen easier; better detail in pond organisms |
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|
Term
| hanging drops use depression slides where the depression in the slide must be surrounded with a thin layer of ___________ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| were Proteus mirabilis motile or nonmotile? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| were Staphylococcus aureaus motile or nonmotile? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what will affect a gram stain? |
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Definition
| pH and the age of the culture |
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|
Term
| what is a "differential staining technique"? |
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Definition
| staining technique involving more than one type of stain and differentiate between various types of bacteria and bring out specific structures |
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|
Term
| who developed the "Gram Stain"? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it's valuable in identifying unknown bacteria |
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|
Term
| how do you know if an organism is "gram positive"? |
|
Definition
| it is streptococcal morphology |
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|
Term
| why do bacteria stain differently with the Gram stain technique? |
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Definition
| because of the differences in their cell structure |
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|
Term
| gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed of a thick layer of __________ and ____________ ______? |
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Definition
| peptidoglycan and teichoic acid |
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|
Term
| gram negative bacteria have cell wall composed of what? |
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Definition
| thin layer of peptidoglycan, high concentration of various lipids |
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|
Term
| do gram negative bacteria have teichoic acid composed in their cell walls? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| bacteria that do no stain uniformly with the Gram stain technique are called ________? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the age of a culture for the Gram stain technique must be about _______ hour/hours old. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what do older cultures of Gram-positive bacteria do? |
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Definition
| the bacteria tends to decolorize rapidly resulting in a false Gram negative reaction |
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|
Term
| what is the primary stain used for the Gram stain technique? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how long should the staining time be for crystal violet for a Gram stain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the second stain used for the Gram stain technique is the ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the Gram's Iodine stain used for the Gram stain technique is known as the _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that anchors the primary stain and causes it to adhere to the bacteria |
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|
Term
| how long is the staining time for the Gram's Iodine stain when using a Gram stain technique? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used during the decolorizing step of a Gram stain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the estimated time required for the decolorizing step during a Gram stain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what color should the Gram negative be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what color should the Gram positive be? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the last stain used during a Gram stain and what is it's role? |
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Definition
| safranin; it is the counterstain |
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|
Term
| how long should the safranin be used during a gram stain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the acid fast stain technique primarily used for? |
|
Definition
| identification of pathogenic bacteria in the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia |
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|
Term
| what is the name of the genus that are significant human pathogens? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the name of the genus and species that can cause opportunistic infections in the lungs and skin of humans? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what do Mycobacterium and Nocardia have in common that is different from any other bacteria? |
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Definition
| their cell walls contain large amounts of a waxy lipid substance called Mycolic Acid |
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|
Term
| what is the primary stain used in the acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the carbolfuchsin stain help in the acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
| the carbolfuchsin forms a complex with the mycolic acid in the cell walls of acid fast bacteria, making them more resistant to decolorization with acid alcohol after staining |
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|
Term
| in the acid fast staining technique, "fast" means what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the staining time for carbolfuchsin for the acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is a small square bibulous paper used for the acid fast staining technique? |
|
Definition
| it is placed over a smear to act as a filter for the primary stain |
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|
Term
| what does the Acid Alcohol act as for the acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what stain is used after the decolorizing step during an acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how long should the methylene blue sit for on a smear during an acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the Mycobacterium smegmatis should be what color when applying the acid fast staining technique? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the Micrococcus luteus should be what color when applying the acid fast staining technique? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what color should an acid-fast bacteria be? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what color should a nonacid fast bacteria be? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the metabolically active, reproducing form of a bacterial cell called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the name of the process where certain genera of bacteria are able to package their genetic information in spores? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| during sporogenesis, bacteria store the genetic information in an extremely resistant form called a _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when a spore is formed within the vegative cell, it is called an ____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when vegetative cells die and disintegrate, the endospore is released and becomes a free spore called an _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what must happen to a vegetative cell in order for spores to be released? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| spores released in the environment _________ to form one vegetative cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what genera of bacteria are medically significant and are able to produce spores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can spores be dangerous? |
|
Definition
| they are essentially dormant and extremely resistant; they can survive normal disinfection measures |
|
|
Term
| what are bibulous paper squares used for? |
|
Definition
| it filters out large crystals of the primary stain |
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|
Term
| what is the primary stain used for the endospore staining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for endospore staining, how long should you heat a slide over a tea light after applying malachite green? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what primary stains were used for our labs? |
|
Definition
| crystal violet (gram & capsule), carbolfushsin (acid fast), malachite green (endospore) |
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|
Term
| what mordants did we used for our labs? |
|
Definition
| Gram's Iodine (gram) and Heat (acid fast & endospore) |
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|
Term
| what decolorizers did we use for our labs? |
|
Definition
| ethyl alcohol (gram) and acid alcohol (acid fast) |
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|
Term
| what counterstains were used for our labs? |
|
Definition
| safranin (Gram stain), methylene blue (acid fast), safranin(endospore) |
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|
Term
| acid fast staining is useful in identifying the causative agents of what diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many bacteria have a gelatinous coating exterior to their cell wall called a ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a diffuse, amorphous glycocalyx layer is called a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thicker glycocalyx layer that is tightly bound to the cell is called a ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bacteria produces capsules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are encapsulated bacteria difficult? |
|
Definition
| it makes it difficult for phagocytes to attach and engulf and destroy it |
|
|
Term
| how do capsular material protect bacteria from the environment? |
|
Definition
| it acts as an osmotic barrier and provide a reservoir of stored nutrient |
|
|
Term
| what is the study of fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fungi are nonphotosynthetic and ______________ (feed on dead and decaying organic matter) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fungi are __________ (require an organic source of carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fungi's cell wall is composed of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by spores both sexually and asexually by budding |
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|
Term
| if no sexual spore has been observed, fungi are placed in a division commonly called ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some benefits of fungi? |
|
Definition
| food and nutrients, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| what are some disadvantages of some fungi? |
|
Definition
| parasitic, mycoses, allergies, medical conditions such as liver failure or cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are fungal diseases called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some fungi produce ________ that can cuase hallucinations, liver failure, and caner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do molds differ from yeasts? |
|
Definition
| mods contain hyphae or mycelium |
|
|
Term
| mycelia that grow on or into the surface, and extract nurtrient, are called ____________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| some molds rise up from the surface and form _______________ (fruiting body)that gives rise to spores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the aerial mycelia |
|
Definition
| reproduction and dispersal of spores |
|
|
Term
| how can yeasts reproduce? |
|
Definition
| asexually by budding, but some reproduce sexually |
|
|
Term
| when yeast cells reproduce and the buds fail to separate, they form __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fungi that can grow in both mold and yeast form are called _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many pathogenic fungi are _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dimorphic pathogenic fungi take the _____from outside the body, but take the _____form inside the body |
|
Definition
| mold form outside body; yeast form inside body |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the paper towel soaked in disinfectant was used during the fungi lab and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| its called "working wet"; it reduces the number of spores that might become airborne |
|
|
Term
| before placing the tape sample of mold on a slide, what must be put onto the slide? |
|
Definition
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