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Lab Final exam
Lab #6 through #9
87
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
04/03/2013

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Term
Abnormal hematocrit can indicate _______
Definition
Anemia

Polycythemia
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
The percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of RBC's
Term
Normal male hematocrit levels
Definition
46%
Term
Normal female hematocrit levels
Definition
41%
Term
Anemia
Definition
Too few RBC's
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Too many RBC's
Term
Antigens
Definition
Are present on surface of a RBC
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Defend body from foreign invaders

React to antigens
Term
Aggulation
Definition
when antibodies react with antigens, causing the blood the clump
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
molecule on a RBC that carries oxygen
Term
Blood type A
Definition
A- antigens
Anti-B antibodies
Term
Blood type B
Definition
B- antigens
anti-A- antibodies
Term
Blood type AB
Definition
A-antigens and B antigens

No antibodies
Term
Blood type O
Definition
No antigens

A and B antibodies
Term
Neutrophil
Definition
Phagocyte to bacteria
Term
Eosinophil
Definition
Attack Parasitic worms
Term
Basophil
Definition
Release Histamine
Term
What WBC's are granular
Definition
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil

(BEN)
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
WBC's that have segmented nuclei and many cytoplasmic granules
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
Large round nuclei that fill the cell

Do not have cytoplasmic granules
Term
Monocyte
Definition
Tissue macrophage (super phagocyte)
Term
Lymphocyte
Definition
Have B and T cells

B-Cells- Produce antibodies
T-Cells- Cell-Mediated Immunity
Term
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Definition
develops in an unborn infant when the mother and baby have different blood types. The mother's antibodies attack the developing baby's red blood cells.

Either ABO incompatability or Rh incompatability
Term
How much oxygen can a hemoglobin molecule carry?
Definition
1.34 mL of oxygen
Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal relaxed breathing.
Term
Hyperpnea
Definition
energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise
Term
Apnea
Definition
Temporary cessation of breathing, esp. during sleep.
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
Difficult or labored breathing.
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs
Term
Hypoventilations
Definition
Breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
Residual volume (RV)
Definition
the volume of air remaining after complete expiration. The volume prevents alveoli from collapsing and causes surface large surface tension.

(1200mL)
Term
Tidal Volume (TV)
Definition
The volume of air inspired or expired in one normal respiration cycle

(500mL)
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Definition
The extra volume of air that can be forcibly expired from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.

(About 1000 mL)
Term
Vital Capacity (VC)
Definition
the maximum amount of air that can expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration

(About 4800mL)
Term
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Definition
The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume

(2200 mL)
Term
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Definition
The vital capacity plus the residual volume (VC+RV)

6000mL
Term
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)
Definition
The fraction of the vital capacity expired in 1 second. Determines the conditions of the lungs. Normal person should have a percentage of 80%

(FEV1/FVC)*100
Term
Obstructive Lung Disease
Definition
Blocks the lungs from EXPIRATION (below 50% FEV1)

Asthma & Emphysema
Term
Restrictive Lung Disease
Definition
Blocks lungs from INSPIRATION

(FEV1 is <50%)

Fibrosis and pneumonia
Term
Dead space (Vd)
Definition
Volume of air in the respiration passages which remains unchanged during respiration (air that is in air tubes)

150 mL
Term
Respiration Minute Volume (VT)
Definition
The volume of air moved in or out of the respiratory passages per minute which is equal to the product of the tidal volume by the respiratory rate

VT=TV*RR
6000ml/min at rest
Term
Alveolar Ventilation Rate/min
Definition
Total volume of "new" air entering the alveoli each minute

4200ml/min at rest
vA=(TV-Vd)RR
Term
Central Chemoreceptors
Definition
On Medulla

sense changes in the arterial Pco2 by
pH changes in the CSP
Send signals to increase ventilation
Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Definition
On aortic and carotid bodies

Sense decrease in blood pH
Send signals to increase ventilation
Term
3 steps in urinary formation
Definition
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Term
Filtration
Definition
Blood enters nephron, goes into glomerulus and is filtered into protein-free plasma that goes into renal tubule for further processing
Term
Reabsorption
Definition
Filtrate from glomerulus travels down the renal tubule as most fluids, solutes like glucose, salts, and amino acids, and ions from the filtrate are reabsorbed backed into the bloodstream
Term
Secretion
Definition
Wastes and other things that need to be eliminated can travel from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule without coming from the glomerulus
Term
Two hormones that regulate absorption of sodium and water at the kidneys to maintain osmolarity
Definition
Aldosterone and Vasopressin (antiduretic hormone)
Term
What are not normal urine components?
Definition
Glucose, protein, and blood
Term
How are urine density, sodium content, and specific gravity all related?
Definition
Specific gravity is directly proportional to urine density, which is determined by the sodium concentration, too much specific gravity, too dense of urine and too much sodium in urine, and vice versa
Term
Diabetes
Definition
Glucose in blood
Term
Proteinuria
Definition
Too much protein in urine
Term
Acidosis
Definition
too acidic of urine (less than 4.5)
Term
Alkyosis
Definition
too basic of urine (more than 8.0)
Term
What does it mean if leukocytes are found in urine?
Definition
UTI is present
Term
Diabetic Ketosis
Definition
When the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin, so fat is used for fuel instead and releases keytones
Term
Hypertonic solutions' effect on urine
Definition
Kidneys will absorb more salt and absorb less water, making urine more salty
Term
Hypotonic solutions' effect on urine
Definition
Kidneys will absorb more water and less salt, making urine more diluted
Term
Relationship between Glucose concentration and urine output
Definition
Too much glucose means hypertonic ECF,
Hypertonic ECF means more glucose absorption, less water absorption, and vice versa
Term
Relationship between alcohol and caffeine consumption and urine output
Definition
Alcohol and caffeine are diuretics, which cause an increase in urine output
Term
diuretic
Definition
causes an increase in urine output
Term
How and where does digestion of Carbohydrates begin?
Definition
Salivary amylase in mouth, pH of 7
Term
How and where does digestion of Carbohydrates end?
Definition
Pancreatic amylase in small intestine, pH of 7
Term
Salivary amylase
Definition
begins digestion of Carbohydrates

located in mouth
Term
Pancreatic amylase
Definition
ends digestion of Carbohydrates

located in small intestine
Term
Final product of Carbohydrates when digested
Definition
produced into Glucose
Term
Caloric output (energy density) of Carbohydrates
Definition
4Cals/gram
Term
How and where does digestion of proteins begin?
Definition
Pepsin in stomach, needs a pH of 2
Term
How and where does digestion of proteins end?
Definition
Tripsin in small intestine, needs pH of 7
Term
Final product of proteins when digested
Definition
produced into various amino acids
Term
Caloric output (energy density) of proteins
Definition
4Cals/gram
Term
How and where does digestion of lipids occur?
Definition
Occurs in small intestine, by lipase, needs a pH of 7
Term
Lipase
Definition
Digests lipids

Located in small intestine
Term
Pepsin
Definition
Digests proteins

Located in stomach
Term
Tripsin
Definition
Digests proteins

Located in small intestine
Term
Final Product of lipids
Definition
produced into triglycerides and fatty acids
Term
Caloric output (energy density) of Lipids
Definition
9Cals/gram
Term
Recommended caloric consumption of Carbohydrates
Definition
50% of total caloric consumption or 150g per day
Term
Recommended caloric consumption of protein
Definition
11-15% of total caloric consumption or 35g per day
Term
Recommended caloric consumption of Lipids
Definition
36-39% of total caloric consumption or 100g per day
Term
Hormones used in digestion
Definition
Cholecystekinin
Gastrin
Secretin
Term
Cholecystekinin
Definition
Secreted in sm intestine in response to fat in chyme

Decreases stomach motility
Term
Gastrin
Definition
Secreted by stomach in response to an increase in pyloric acid

Triggers hunger signal in hypothalmus
Term
Secretin
Definition
Secreted in small intestine in response to acidic chyme

Decreases stomach motility
Term
How do digestive enzymes work?
Definition
catalysts(they speed up chemical reactions)
break up food so that its nutrients can be absorbed by the body and waste products can be eliminated
Term
What do bile salts do?
Definition
In the small intestine, bile salts help to break dietary fat into smaller particles, a process called emulsification.
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