Term
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Definition
| % of total blood volume occupied by RBC's; Males=46%, Females=41% |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| B12 deficiency, too little hemoglobin/cell, Iron deficiency, cancer, sickle cell anemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Low O_2 environment, cancer, Blood doping |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule with in RBC's that carry O_2; 1Hb=1.34O_2; Male=13.6-17.2 g/dL; Females=11.5-15.0 g/dL |
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Term
| O_2 carrying capacity equation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| segmented nuclei and many cytoplasmic granules |
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Term
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Definition
| large, round nuclei that nearly fill the cell, and don't have cytoplasmic granules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| WBC; granular; Anti-parasitic |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC; granular; release Histamine/Heprine-go to infection and attracts all WBC to infection, breaks blood clots |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC; travel through tissue-macrophage |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC; make antibodies to bacteria-specific (B cell); Non-specific bind to any pathogen (T cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| present on RBC's surface; decides blood group; molecule that stimulates immune cells (WBC's) to produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| protein produced by WBC's that reacts against a specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| clumping of RBC's in response to a reaction btw. an antibody and an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Rh- mom has an Rh+ baby and produces antibodies against Rh+; receives a Rhogam shot, will neutralize the antibodies against the Rh antigens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased respiratory rate following exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary cessation of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective difficulty in breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| increased rate/depth of breathing that results in a decrease in blood CO_2 concentration to below normal |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate pulmonary ventilation, CO_2 is abnormally increased |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of gas inspired/expired in an unforced respiratory cycle (500mL) |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| max. volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| max. volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume (1000mL) |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a max. expiration (1200mL) |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of gas in the lungs after max. inspiration (600mL) |
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Term
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Definition
| max. amount of gas that can be expired after a max. inspiration (4800mL) |
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Term
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Definition
| max. amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration |
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Term
| Functional residual capacity |
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Definition
| amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration |
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Term
| Restrictive (breathing) disorders |
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Definition
| vital capacity is reduced to below normal; can't breathe in- Fibrosis/Pneumonia (FEV1= above 80%) |
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Term
| Obstructive (breathing) disorders |
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Definition
| can't breathe out- Asthma/Emphysema (FEV1= below 50%) |
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Term
| Central Chemoreceptors and Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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Definition
Central-found in the medulla oblongata
Peripheral-contained w/in small nodules associated w/the aorta and the carotid arteries
Both respond to the changes in PCO_2, pH, and PO_2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A- can receive blood from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A+ can receive blood from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| B- can receive blood from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| B+ can receive blood from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| AB- can receive blood from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| AB+ can receive blood from |
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Definition
AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-
Universal receiver |
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Term
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Definition
O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+
Universal donor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| O+ can receive blood from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adrenal gland; regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by causing sodium ions to be conserved and potassium ions to be excreted |
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Term
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Definition
| released in response to a decrease in blood flow. Enters blood and converts another circulating protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| strong vasoconstrictor; increases BP by increasing TPR; stimulates the release of aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior pituitary; increases water absorption |
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Term
| Sequence of urine formation |
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Definition
| filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| non-discriminate, everything that is dissolved in the blood will be filtered out w/the plasma; excluded are blood cells and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| very selective; allow body to hang onto things that are important (water, salts, glucose, amino acids) and eliminate those which are unnecessary or harmful (excess H+, waster products, drugs) |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that may be moved from the peritubular blood to the renal tubule, hastening their elimination |
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Term
| Uncommon components of normal urine |
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Definition
| glucose, protein and blood |
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Term
| Carbohydrates: Digestion begins |
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Definition
Location: Mouth
Enzyme: Amylase
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
| Carbohydrates: Digestion cont. |
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Definition
NO DIGESTION
Location: Esp/Stomach
Enzyme: Pepsin
pH: 2 |
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Term
| Carbohydrates: Digestion ends |
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Definition
Location: Small Intestine
Enzyme: Amylase
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
| Carbohydrates: Final product |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins: Digestion begins |
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Definition
Location: Stomach
Enzyme: Pepsin
pH: 2 |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Small Intestine
Enzyme: Trypsin
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Small Intestine
Enzyme: Trypsin
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Location: Small Intestine
Enzyme: Lipase
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Small Intestine
Enzyme: Lipase
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Small Intestine
Enzyme: Lipase
pH: 7-8 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Benedict's solutions test for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lugol' solutions test for what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Work best at 37 degrees Celsius; break down food by inserting water molecules. Process breaks the chemical bond in food to separate into component parts. |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by: Small Intestine
In response to: partially digested fat
Effects: slows down movement of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by: Stomach
In response to: partially digested proteins
Effects: secretes HCl- |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by: small intestine
In response to: partially digested fat
Effects: Aids CCK |
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Term
| What would be found in glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
1)Plasma
2)Glucose and amino acids
3)No plasma protein and no blood cells |
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Term
| What effect does vasoconstriction of the afferent/efferent arterioles have on GFR? |
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Definition
| Less blood, pressure, filtrate; save water |
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Term
| What effect does vasodilation of the afferent/efferent arterioles have on GFR? |
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Definition
| More blood, pressure, filtrate |
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Term
| Importance of the Na+/K+ pump in the urinary system |
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Definition
| Is an electrochemical gradient; and is also a cotransport-carrier w/binding site for specific substances |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited amount of carriers; once a specific substance reaches max. capacity the rest of the substance is secreted |
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Term
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Definition
1)Linked to sodium transport-H2O tends to follow Na+
2)Passively reabsorbed by osmosis throughout the tubule |
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Term
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Definition
tube-50%, blood-50%
most waste products are not reabsorbed, but urea is a non-polar |
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Term
| Tubular secretion: direction of movement |
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Definition
| Peritubular capillary -> tubular filtrate |
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Term
| Two ions that are actively secreted when in excess |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Hormone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)Changes the permeability of the DCT and the CD allowing more H2O to leave the filtrate
2)No ADH present-hypotonic urine is produced
3)ADH present-hypertonic urine is produced |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the minimum obligatory urine production daily amount? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| emptying bladder; urination |
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Term
| Urethra: internal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
| Urethra: external sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal auto-regulation: intrinsic control |
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Definition
| change diameter of afferent arteriole |
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Term
| What is the role of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
1)Monitors-low Cl-/Na+/H2O concentration
2)Secrets renin -> Ang. 1 -> Lungs -> Ang. 2 |
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