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| cover external surfaces for protection or line the internal surfaces of body cavities and vessels; arranged into tightly packed layers of cells with little or no intracellular space |
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| bind, support, and protect body parts and systems; tissues that bind organs together, hold organs in place, support body structures, and store nutrients; tendons, cartilage, fat, blood and bone |
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| permit movement of the animal through its environment and/or movement of substances though the animal; ability to contract and thus create movement |
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| initiate and transmit electrical nerve impulses to and from the body parts and store information in the form of biochemical compounds |
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| consist of a single layer of cells and are classified based on their shapes |
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| simple squamous epithelium |
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composed of flattened, irregularly shaped cells; typically have a two-dimensional appearance in the microscope; alveoli of lungs and the inners walls of arteries
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| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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| contain cells that are thicker and fuller and have the three-dimensional appearances; single layer of box-shaped cells; found in the tubules of the mammalian kidney |
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| simple columnar epithelium |
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| contain cells that are thicker and fuller and have the three-dimensional appearances; contain a single layer of elongated, rectangular cells; prevalent in the inner lining of the intestines in mammals |
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| layered arrangement of the cells; composed of one more than one type of cell (i.e. several layers of squamous cells followed by several layers of cuboidal cells); exist in stratified layers to serve as barriers against foregin substances and injury |
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| stratified squamous epithelium |
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| protects against impact, abrasion, radiation, desiccation, and infection; outer layer of skin |
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| found in all vertebrates; loosely scattered cells surrounded by a clear, gelatinous matrix; contains thin, elastic fibers and thicker, non-elastic fibers composed of collagen; primarily responsible for holding other organ tissues together and in place and can be found beneath the skin and between many organs in the body |
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| contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissue; arrangement of collagen fibers into regular and irregular types |
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| seperates cells in connective tissue; secreted by living cells; in bone, this contains crystals that make the bone hard, in blood this is plasma, in cartilage this is composed of a gelatinous glycoprotein |
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| adipose connective tissue |
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| stores or sequesters food for the body in the form of fat droplets; contains a large oil-filled vacuole, appearance of empty spaces |
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| common connective tissue in cartilage; composed of widely spaced cells within a gelatinous, glycoprotein matrix that provides firm, but flexible support |
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| cartilage-producing cells; located inside the lacunae; able to remain alive by exchanging oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide,a dn waste with surrounding blood vessels by diffusion through the gelatinous matrix |
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| in the gelatinous, glycoprotein matrix; hollow chambers, contain chondrocytes |
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| one of the most specialized structural connective tissues; provides structural support for the body; responsible for storing calcium that can be withdrawn by the body as blood calicum levels drop, and for producing red blood cells in the bone marrow |
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| form a miniature canal system linking neighboring osteocytes for communicatino and nutrient transfer; transports nutrients to osteocytes though its finger like projections; in the lamallae |
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| bone-producing cells; secrete a hard, calcified matrix that forms thin cocentric layers |
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| thin, cocentric layers as bone grows; gives bone its characteristic appearance |
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| type of connective tissue |
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| cells and the fluid matrix; course through blood vessels transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, metabolic wastes, and any other cell produced substances |
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| mammalian red blood cells; appear as tiny, light pink, biconcave discs; most numerous type of cell in blood; contain hemoglobin to reversibly bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; characteristic biconcave shape provides a higer surface-to-volume ratio, increasing the diffusion rates of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the cells |
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| white blood cells; less than one percent of the cells in human blood; vital role in defending the body against defense; generally larger than erythrocytes and contain distinct, purplish nuclei |
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| also called thrombocytes; not whole cells but fragments of cytoplasm from a type of cell found in the bone marrow; important role in the clotting process by accumulating at the injured site of a broken blood vessel and forming a plug by sticking to each other and to surrounding tissues |
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| simplest type of muscle tissue; lacking striations and generally confined to regions of the body under autonomic nervous control; long and spindle-shaped and contain single nuclei; found in the bladder, uterus, stomach, in blood vessels; slow and rhythmic contractions |
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| composed of long, unbranched myofibrils that are actually composites of many individual muscle cells; multi-nucleated appearance |
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| striated muscle found in the walls of the heart; not under voluntary vontrol and its nuclei are not located on the periphery of the cells; composed of bands of muscle fibers that branch and reunite with one another to form a continous network of muscle tissue |
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| characteristic feature of cardiac muscle; bands between individual cells appear as particularly dark, bold striations in stained slides of cardiac muscle; gap junctions that allow communication between the cells of the muscle fibers and permit cardiac muscle to depolarize quickly |
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| one of the two major cells in nervous tissue; made up of a cell body, long axon that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body, and dendrites |
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| assist in propagating nerve impulses and provide a nutritive role for neurons |
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| contains nucleus and other organelles; part of neuron |
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| part of neuron; short extensions that typically receive electrical impulses from neighboring neurons or sensory receptors and transmit them to the cell body |
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| transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body; part of neuron |
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| proteinaceous substance that coats sheaths that are found on the axons of nerve cells; gives them special electrical properties that greatly enhance the transmission speed of nerve impulses through these fibers |
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