Cranial capacity > Australopithecus but < H. sapiens

Long, low cranial vault w thick cranial walls

 Face is short but massive

 Nasal aperature projecting forward

 Lower face protrudes

 Large supraorbital torus (usually in the form of a bar)

Supraorbital sulcus

 Frontal bone low and receding

Post orbital constriction greater than H sapiens but less than Australo

Variable development of saggital keel along midline Broad base cranium--maximum breadth of skull low on temporal bone--about level of external ear=pentagonal shaped skull NOT bell shaped

Angular occipital w occipital (nuchal) torus

Basicranium moderately flexed

Tooth size smaller than

Australo but greater than sapiens

 No chin From

Konul Angular occipital supraorbital torus saggittal keel forward projecting nasal aperture large low cranium

Increased stature and body mass

Barrel-shaped chest

Forelimb is shortened

Lower limb elongated

Thick cortical bone in long bone shafts

getting closer to h sapiens

Barrel-like chest cavity

Scapula is broad and usually w a dorsal sulcus along the lateral margin

Large shoulder joint

Radius and femur have a-p curvature

Hand was a strong grip w wide fingertips

Pelvis has long narrow pubic ramus producing wide pelvis

Distal limb segments (forearm and tibia) shorten

Femur and tibia have large epiphyses with robs,

cortically thick shafts

Large, thick patella

Overall short and robust

Tall rounded cranial vault w a large brain

Small, vertical face w canine fossa

Relatively vertical frontal bone

Brow ridge development is absent or relatively small

Large mastoid process

Highly flexed cranial base

Gently rounded occiput (no torus or bun)

Skull widest near top of parietal region

Chin

Small teeth

No retromolar gap

Generally less robust post cranial skeleton

Limb bones can vary from very small and delicate to very large and robust, but are still significantly less robust than earlier people

Scapula has ventral sulcus on lateral margin

Thumb distal phalange 2/3 length of proximal phalanx

Distal limb segments usually longer relative to the entire limb

Cortical bone of femur and tibia thinner than in earlier people

Pubic bone shorter and thicker than Neandertals

1. Large mandibles

2. enormous cheek bone/teeth

3. front teeth reduced in size

4. large face with flaring zygomatic arches

5. saggital crest

6. features shared w australopithecus--large dished face, post orbital constriction, small brain, bell shaped cranium

less prominent cranial crest

reduced lower facial prognathism

reduced brow ridge

less bell shaped

small molars

more parabolic dental

basically trending AWAY from australopith and toward h sapiens i think

large mastoid,

chin,

small-absent brow ridge,

rounded occipital,

no retromolar gap

think h sapiens sapiens

linked to h erectus. bifacial hand ax. core implements had flakes removed from two sides of core