Term
| What is biodiversity? (Convention) |
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Definition
| 'Biological diveristy' means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems |
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Term
| 3 elements of biodiversity |
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Definition
1. genetic
2. organismal
3. ecological |
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Definition
| populations, individuals, chromosomes, genes, nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| domains/kingdoms, phyla, families, genera, species, subspecies, populations, individuals |
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Definition
| biomes, bioregions, landscapes, ecosystems, habitats, niches, populations |
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Term
| 2 components for measuring biodiversity |
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Definition
1. the number of entities
2. the degree of difference between those entities |
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Term
| why use species richness as common currency? (4) |
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Definition
1. practical application
2. exisiting information
3. surrogacy
4. wide application |
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Term
| limitations of using species richness |
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Definition
1. definition of spices
2. different kinds of diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| number of species per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| number of species per unit area weighted by their relative abundance |
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Term
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Definition
H'/Hmax == species diversity / species max
maximum evenness when all species are equally abundant |
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Term
| alpha vs. beta vs. gamma diversity |
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Definition
alpha: diversity of species WITHIN a habitat
beta: diversity of species BETWEEN habitats
gamma: average alpha diversity plus beta diversity |
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Term
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Definition
S=cA^z
suggests underlying law that only a certain amount of species can be in that area |
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Term
| rank order abundance diagram |
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Definition
displays relative species abundance
species sequence (x) x relative importance % (y)
steeper slope = less even the species are distributed |
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Term
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent |
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Term
| latiduinal gradient in species richness |
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Definition
| peak of diversity is often near equator |
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Term
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Definition
fewer species as you go down the peninsula
smaller area = higher extinction
isolation position = less immigration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pine tree, Christmas tree looking tree
skinnier trunk
pine needles (more needle like) |
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Term
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Definition
green and red leaves in fall, bark has reddish tint to it
leaves are veined and lobed; pointy at lobes; 9-10 lobes per leaf-ish |
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Definition
maple leaf -- think maple syrup leaf
red and green leaves
chippy kind of bark |
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Definition
bigger tree
rounded leaves with many small pointy/round lobes on it |
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Definition
purple flowers, nitrogen-fixing
red-tint barked
leaves are in shape of heart in a way |
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Definition
white flowers
very rounded laves (like a longer christmas ornament) |
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Term
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Definition
white-tint barked
several trunks wrapped around each other
rounded leaf (in shape of long christmas ornament); however, these leaves (different from the dogwood) have serrated edges |
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Term
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Definition
prey of emerald ash borer, compound leaves
five leaves on a little twig = one compound leaf
smaller leaves are rounded with end pointed |
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Definition
compound leaves, nuts with green coating
5 leaves on one twig = compound leaf
bark is kind of like shag bark but darker and definitely not as shaggy |
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Term
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Definition
branches with thorns to protect it
compounds leaves are very long, i.e. over 20 leaves on each compound leaf. smaller leaves are long and round, rounded at end. |
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Term
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Definition
big fruits, leaves smell like diesel fuel, tropical
leaves are very long and rounded with sort of pointed ends, droopy |
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Definition
shrub, deer won't eat, often covered in red berries
leaves are larger, rounded, and pointed at end like Christmas ornament |
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Definition
pignuts are large green nuts (look like balls)
leaves are skinny and long with pointed ends |
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Definition
white oak bark
leaves have rounded lobes with about 5 lobes per leaf |
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Definition
leaves kind of look like coral fungi. not needles, but still pine looking
christmas tree looking |
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Definition
shagbark, very obvious
compound leaves , leaves are large and small, about five per compound leaf, close together, almost look like marijuana leaf |
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Definition
bark isn't really bark; very think bark
leaves look like they are coated in plastic almost
leaves are rounded with pointed ends; VERY thick and visible veins coming out of main vein |
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Definition
thicker bark
leaves are three lobed, kind of like a dove flying towards the stem; also rounded larger leaves with rounded ends |
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Definition
a variety of leaves
thicker and darker green
veins are very visible coming out of main vein
white mulberry fruits |
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Term
| Why so many families of angiosperms? |
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Definition
| most of the differentiation of families during early stages of angiosperm evolution was based upon characters affecting the gynoecium -> strategies for securing max seed production, seed dispersal, and competitive survival of the seedlings |
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Term
| early angiosperm characteristics promoting diversification |
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Definition
-closed carpel
-stylar canal
-intercalary meristems
-reduction of female gametophyte to 8 nucleate embryo sac
-evolution of double fertilization (triploid endosperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| aster, daisy, composite, sunflower |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 toes forward, 1 hallux backward |
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Term
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Definition
| reversed toe is 4th toe, 2 back, 2 forward |
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Term
| 10 unifying characteristics of birds |
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Definition
1. feathers
2. bills
3. skeletal specializations -- fusion & reduction of bones
4. bipedal and digitigrade feet
5. centralized body mass
6. pneumatic bones
7. high metabolism = endothermic
8. specialized respiratory and circulatory systems
9. highly developed CNS and vision
10. large nutrient-rich eggs |
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Term
| specialized respiratory system of birds |
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Definition
high demand for O2: high body temp and high metabolic rate
very efficient lungs: morphology and unidirectional air flow |
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Term
| specialized circulatory system of birds |
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Definition
-slower HR at rest than mammals
-sustained activity levels |
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Term
| birds descended from _______________ |
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Definition
Archosaur reptiles
Dinosaura --> Saurischia --> Theropoda --> Coelurosauna |
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Term
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Definition
| dinosaurs that include many small ones with avian characteristics--> feathers and flight capability, bill, bone morphology, reap. system, eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| -insulation/thermoregulation, display, camouflage, foraging |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest known non-avian dinosaur, 13 inches |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Swans, Ducks, Geese, Screamers
--aquatic/semi-aquatic birds
--webbed feet
--flat bills for filtering, pulling aquatic vegetation
--high body mass relative to wing surface area |
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Term
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Definition
chicken-like birds (grouse, turkey, quail, pheasant)
-strong legs, heavy feet
-cryptic coloring
-short bill with curved upper bill for seed-eating
-poor long-distance fliers |
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Term
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Definition
pelicans, herons, egrets, ibises
-medium to large aquatic birds
-pelicans have webbed toes, herons have long toes
-mostly fish-eaters
-herons have pouched bill for scooping, pelicans have sharp powerful bills for stabbing
-long, broad wings for thermal soaring |
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Term
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Definition
eagles, hawks, vultures
-carnivorous, --> sharp, pointed, heavily curved culmens (beaks)
-sharp, pointed talons
-high wing surface area per body mass (low wing loading) |
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Term
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Definition
shorebirds, terns, gulls, plovers, sandpipers
-waders, swimmers, diverse water birds
-very diverse bill shapes and sizes
-some webbed feet, some unwebbed with long toes
-bill variation in shorebirds
plovers: small, surface inter vertebrates
yellow legs, knot: worms, bivalves, and crustacea
curlew and godwit: lugworms
-exploit all available food to reduce competition |
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Term
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Definition
owls
-mostly nocturnal birds of pretty --> small, heavily decurved bills and strong feet with claws
-large heads with forward facing eyes --> concentrate sound and hearing sensitivities
-soft specialized plumage to muffle sound
-fring-like striations on leading edge of primaries silence flight
-low wing loading, so don't need to flap as much |
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Term
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Definition
hummingbirds and swifts
-small birds with tiny feed, no perching
-very accomplished fliers
-hummingbird bill: tubular for nectar-feeding, some insects
-swifts: wide mouth with bristles for catching insects |
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Term
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Definition
woodpeckers, toucans, honeyguides
-zygodactyl feet
-stout, pointed bills (woodpeckers) for drilling holes
-stiff tail feathers for support while climbing
-cavity nesters
-long tongues |
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Term
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Definition
perching birds, songbirds
-largest, 1/2 of world's birds
-unwebbed feet, anisodactyl, good for perching
-superior learning abilities because of large brains
-mainly brightly colored |
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Term
| co-evolution of flowers and pollinators |
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Definition
-strong, selective pressures on both groups
-birds: pollinaators --> increase efficiency and decrease competition
-flowers: increase chance of pollination, increase in RS |
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Term
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Definition
1. contour: cover body and wings, firm
2. flight: asymmetric vanes, firm
3. down: found under countour, for insulation
4. semilplumes: more structure than down, but not as warm |
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Term
| 2 things cladogenesis requires |
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Definition
1. evolutionary (genetic) differentiation between lineages, in 1st traits
2. mechanisms to preserve the evolutionary differences between populations |
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Term
| 2 mechanisms that preserve evolutionary differences |
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Definition
| natural selection, reproductive isolation |
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Term
| 4 forces that cause evolutionary change |
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Definition
1. mutation
2. migration
3. genetic drift
4. selection |
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Term
| 2 conditions that are most associated with accelerated evolution of new species |
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Definition
1. lack of homogenizing gene flow
2. strong directional/diversifying selection |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid diversification event that produces a cluster of species, occupying a series of habitats, all evolved from a recent ancestor |
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Term
| reproductive isolation is.... |
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Definition
| the by-product of divergence, not its goal |
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Term
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Definition
1. bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
2. lycophytes (club mosses and quillworts)
3. Fern and fern allies (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
4. gymnosperms (confiers, like pines, spruce, redwood, cypress)
5. angiosperms (flowering plants) |
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Term
| monocots vs. dicots -- cotyledon |
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Definition
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Term
| monocots vs. dicots -- floral parts |
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Definition
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Term
| monocots vs. dicots -- leaf veins |
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Definition
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Term
| monocots vs. dicots -- pollen grain |
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Definition
| 1 pore / furrow vs. 3 pores / furrow |
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Term
| monocots vs. dicots -- vascular bundles |
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Definition
| vascular bundles throughout stems ground tissue vs. stems vascular bundles arranged in a ring |
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Term
| 3 major evolutionary trends in plants |
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Definition
1. increasing dominance of sporophyte phase
2. increased independence from water
3. production of seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 organisms of different species living together in close association |
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Term
| the significant of insects (5) |
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Definition
1. insects are highly speciose.
2. insects are immensely destructive
3. insects are important disease vectors (malaria, plague, sleeping sickness)
4. insects are indispensable as pollinators, natural enemies, food, and decomposers
5. the study of insects continues to be instrumental for scientific advances |
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Term
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Definition
invades and destroys RBCS
transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes |
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Term
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Definition
causes widespread organ failure
transmitted by fleas carried by rats |
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Term
| sleeping sickness / trypanomiasis |
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Definition
widespread organ failure
transmitted by Tsetse fly |
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Term
| scientific advances because of study of insects |
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Definition
| mutation, sex chromosomes, sex determination, parthenogenesis, action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 characteristics of arthropods |
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Definition
1. external skeleton
2. segmented
3. jointed legs
ANIMALS |
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Term
| 4 subphylums of arthropods |
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Definition
1. chelicerata
2. crustacea
3. insecta
4. myriapoda |
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Term
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Definition
spiders, scorpions, and their relatives
front and back part; legs only on front part, in pairs |
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Term
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Definition
shrimp, crabs, and their relatives
2 pairs atennae, organization into head and thorax, trunk has appendages |
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Term
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Definition
insects
antenna, head and compound eye, thorax, abdomen, leg |
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Term
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Definition
millipedes and centipedes
milli = 2 pairs of legs / segment
centi = 1 pair of legs / segment |
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Term
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Definition
| insect penis; heavily sclertotized, solid tube, often with hooks and projections -- delivers sperm and functions in male-male competition |
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Term
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Definition
| Honey bees rely exclusively on pollen and nectar as food resources. Individual forager needs identify forage sites. When initial forager is prevented from returning, nest mates still appear quickly at new forage site. SOMEHOW information is exchanged in the hive that allows nest mates to locate a new forage site. --> the waggle dance |
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Term
| waggle dance communicates 3 things |
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Definition
1. quality of forage site (by intensity of dance)
2. distance away from nest site (by length of straight part)
3. direction relative to current position of sun (by angle and direction of straight part) |
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Term
Case Study on Insect Development using Butterfly and Larvae
- 3 types of develpment |
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Definition
1. hemimetabolous development -- incomplete metamorphosis; egg to 1st to 5th instal nymph to adult
2. holometabolous development -- complete metamorphosis; egg to 1st to 3rd instal larva to pupa to adult
3. hypermetamorphosis -- radical changes from one larval stage to the next |
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Term
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Definition
-cooperation requires communication
-trail pheromones --> widespread in social insects, mark trail to food sources or nest entrances |
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Term
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Definition
| Female Photuris flies eat only male Photinus flies. Female Photuris flies exploit communication between male and female Photinus. Photuris females ingest and use Photinus lucibufagins for their own defense against spiders. |
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Term
| 8 important insect orders |
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Definition
1. heteroptera
2. auchennorhyncha
3. stenorrlyncha
4. trichoptera
5. lepidoptera
6. coleoptera
7. hymneoptera
8. orthoptera |
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Term
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Definition
| assassin bugs, ambush bugs, water scorpions, water striders, leaf-footed bugs, stink bugs |
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Term
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Definition
| cicadas, leafhoppers, tree hoppers, spittle bugs, frog hoppers, toad bugs |
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Term
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Definition
| aphids, whiteflies, scale insects |
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Term
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Definition
| caddisflies, adults are moth-like |
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Term
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Definition
butteflies and moths (monarchs, admirals, metalmark, blues, coppers)
Papilionidae: butterfly superfamily |
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Term
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Definition
beetles
adephaga (ground beetles, tiger beetles, diving beetles, whirligig beetles)
polyphaga (lady-bird beetles, true weevils, scarabs, chafers, stag beetles)
nicrophorous |
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Term
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Definition
| Burying beetles that utilize carcasses as food source |
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Term
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Definition
bees, wasps, ants, sawflies
Apocrita, Symphats |
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Term
| Most successful insect species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, termites |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Amanita muscaria var. formosa |
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Definition
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Definition
| turkey tail, most common in eastern deciduous |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| class: crinoidea, blastoidea, echinodea, sterellaoidea, |
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Definition
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Definition
coelenterata
solitary and colonial |
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Term
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Definition
| deltas form from the deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flower leaves its mouth; over long periods, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta |
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Term
| fungi's role in the ecosystem |
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Definition
fungi are saprophytes --> they break down and decompose dead plants and animals
fungi can also be parasitic
some fungi are mycorrhizal |
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Term
| intercalary vs apical meristems |
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Definition
intercalary = grows from base (grasses)
apical = grows from tips |
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Term
| 2 patterns of evolutionary change |
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Definition
1. anagenesis
2. cladogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| transformation of species over time |
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Term
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Definition
| splitting of one species lineage into two daughter species |
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Term
| "ecological species" concept |
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Definition
| closely-related group of organisms that shares the same ecological characteristics (i.e. habitat, food, behaviors, interactions) |
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Term
| "biological species" concept |
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Definition
| closely-related group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of plants |
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Definition
1. photosynthetic
2. multi-cellular
3. alternation of generations |
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Term
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Definition
| the uneven distribution of various concentrations of each species within an area |
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Term
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Definition
| species use daily, seasonal, and multi-annual patterns of migration, colonization, and foraging to take advantage of pulses of resources |
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