Term
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Definition
| hard external shell, glass in diatoms, calcium carbonate in forams |
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Term
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Definition
| external protective structures in dinoflagellates made of cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules move across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| food waved in by cilia or surrounded by pseudopodia |
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Term
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Definition
| streaming protrusions of plasma membrane that cause amoeboid motion |
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Term
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Definition
| movement by streaming of pseudopodia |
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Term
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Definition
| same in eukaryotes, beat to produce motion at cellular level |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up cell wall of fungi (versus cellulose in plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled form of fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellular form of fungus, made of hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
| thin (single cell thick) filaments that make up mycelia and reproductive structures of fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| division between cell-like compartments of hyphae, contain pores |
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Term
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Definition
| types of fungi that digest dead plant material |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of cytoplasm 2 different fungi individuals (nuclei remain separate) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of mycelium containing nuclei from 2 different individuals (result of plasmogamy) |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of nuclei in a heterokaryotic mycelium, results in zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| fungi associated with plant roots (either ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing digested material |
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Term
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Definition
| organism having 2 embryonic tissues: ectoderm and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| organism having three embryonic tissues: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| outer embryonic tissue, becomes skin and nervous tissue in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| inner embryonic tissue, becomes lining of digestive tract and liver in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| middle embryonic tissue, becomes muscle and most organs in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| assymetry (porifera), radial (evolved 1st), and bilateral |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity (allows circulation of oxygen and nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of organism in which blastopore becomes mouth, cleavage is spiral, and coelom is formed from blocks of mesoderm: lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| type of organism in which blastopore becomes anus, cleavage is radial, and coelom forms from mesoderm pockets piching off from gut: echinoderms and chordates |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled protist species similar to choanocyte cells in sponges (use flagella to move food) |
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Term
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Definition
| sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores: assymetry or radial symmetry, 1 or 2 tissue types |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that filter food particles suspended in water |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that eat through (swallow) substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that drink liquids, have straw or sponge-like mouthparts |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that take in chunks of food through mouth, mouthparts correlate with type of food |
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Term
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Definition
| permanently attached to substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by coelom, allows movement w/o limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| body extentions that allow fast, controlled movement, unjointed (sac-like) or jointed |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms that have radial symmetry, are diploblastic, and have nematocysts: jellyfish, hydra, sea anenomes |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms that have radial symmetry, are diploblastic, and swim with rows of cilia: "comb jellies" |
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Term
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Definition
| triploblastic organisms having bilateral symmetry, consists of all animals except sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, and echinoderm adults |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 major protostome groups: characterized by lophophore feeding structure and trochophore larval types in many species |
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Term
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Definition
| small, aquatic filter feeders (lophotrochozoans) |
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Term
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Definition
| flatworms and planarians (lophotrochozoans) |
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Term
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Definition
| segmented worms (lophotrochozoans) |
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Term
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Definition
| phyla of lophotrochozoans having visceral mass, muscular foot, and mantle, 3 main classes: bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-shelled mollusks: clams, oysters |
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Term
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Definition
| "belly-footed" mollusks: snails, slugs |
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Term
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Definition
| tentacled mollusks: squid, octopi |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 major protostome groups: characterized by molting |
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Term
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Definition
| shedding of exoskeleton or external covering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phyla of ecdysozoans, have head/thorax/abdomen and jointed limbs, 4 main subphyla: myriapods, chelicerates, insects, crustaceans (animal phylum with most species) |
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Term
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Definition
| arthropods with many legs: millipedes, centipedes |
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Term
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Definition
| arthropods with 8 legs: spiders, scorpions, ticks |
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Term
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Definition
| arthropods with 6 legs: beetles, butterflies, flies, ants |
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Term
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Definition
| arthropods with 10 legs: lobsters, crabs, barnacles |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 major deuterostome groups: characterized by adult radial symmetry, endoskeleton, and tube feet (podia): sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 major deuterostome groups: characterized by notochords, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal nerve cords, and muscular tails |
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Term
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Definition
| invertebrate chordates: sea squirts |
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Term
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Definition
| invertebrate chordates: lancelets |
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Term
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Definition
| class of chordates characterized by a cranium (brain case) and vertebrae (bony or catilaginous spine structures) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of vertebrate having cartilaginous skeletons: sharks and rays |
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Term
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Definition
| type of vertebrate having fins with bony rods: tuna, trout, goldfish |
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Term
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Definition
| type of vertebrate having fleshy lobe-like fins supported by bones: coelacanths, lungfish |
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Term
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Definition
| type of vertebrate that is both aquatic and terrestrial: frogs, salamanders |
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Term
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Definition
| terrestrial, egg-laying, amniotes: lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds |
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Term
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Definition
| group of vertebrates characterized by fur, lactation, and endothermia and consisting of 3 major lineages: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians |
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Term
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Definition
| egg-laying mammals: platypus, echidna |
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Term
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Definition
| type of mammals that carry underdeveloped offspring in pouch: kangaroo, opossum |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals having true placentas that give birth to well-developed young: whales, bears, humans |
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Term
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Definition
| polar lining of body surfaces, cells closely packed, functions in protection, secretion, and absorption, has apical and basolateral sides |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle tissue attached to bone, prodeces voluntary movement, striated, made of long, thin, multinucleate cells |
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Term
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Definition
| heart muscle, involuntary contractions, striated, branched, single-nucleus cells |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle tissue or organs, blood vessels and digestive tract, produce involuntary movement, non-striated, spindle-shaped cells with single nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| side of epithelium facing environment |
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Term
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Definition
| side of epithelium facing interior and connected to other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue made of neurons that sense and process stimuli and transmit signals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contractile tissue made of muscle fibers, 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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Term
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Definition
| cells embedded in matrix excreted by cells |
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Term
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Definition
| structure with specialized function made of 2 or more tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organs that work together to perform a function |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of relatively constant chemical and physical conditions for cells, tissues, and organs (conformational or regulatory) |
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Term
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Definition
| common method of homeostasis maintenance involving a set point, sensor, integrator and effector |
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Term
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Definition
| determines rate at which nutrients are used and waste is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| determines rate at which gases, nutrients, and wastes can be exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction in which offspring form on parent and then break free as a miniature version of parent: hydra |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction in which an individual splits into two or more offspring: planaria |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproductionin which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| "one house": individuals produce both eggs and sperm: earthworms(non-self fertilizing), tapeworms (self fertilizing) |
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Term
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Definition
| "two house": males and females produce either eggs or sperm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| females lay eggs, embryos develop outside mother's body |
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Term
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Definition
| females retain eggs containing embyos, embryos develop inside mother's body nourished by yolk |
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Term
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Definition
| females retain embryos during development and nourish them via a placenta |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transport sperm to prostate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces accessory fluids for semen |
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Term
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Definition
| carries semen out of body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| oviducts (fallopian tubes) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotrophin: hormone released by embryo, stimulates progesterone production |
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Term
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Definition
| sac surrounding embryo filled with amniotic fluid that provides protective cushion |
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Term
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Definition
| thickened section of unterine lining containing maternal and fetal capillaries, site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nucleus and acrosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nutrient source for embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles containing enzymes activated by fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| sheet of glycoproteins surrounding egg (zona pellucida in humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| gelatinous layer surrounding vitelline envelope of egg for protection |
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Term
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Definition
| release of enzymes that dissolve jelly layer, growth of acrosomal process |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization of egg by more than one sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents polyspermy, formed by swelling of vitelline envelope triggered by Ca2+ signal |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid cell division of fertilized egg without growth |
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Term
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Definition
| cells created by cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of blastomere cells at end of cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
| embryo after gastrulation before organogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| cell movements that organize embryo into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; forms gastrula |
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Term
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Definition
| signals in egg cytoplasm that regulate differentiation of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| rod-like structure along length of body in chordates, signals formation of neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| tube formed from infording of ectoderm, becomes brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks of mesodermal tissue that form alongside neural tube and become different tissues based on location |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely-packed fibroblast cells in matrix of collagen and elastin fibers, binds epithelia, pads and stabilizes organs |
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Term
| fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| tightly-packed fibroblast cells in matrix of parallel collagen fibers, forms tendons and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue of osteocytes in matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts, functions in support and motility |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue of chondrocytes in matrix of collagen and elastin fibers, cushions joints and forms ears and nose |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue of red and white blood cells and platelets in plasma matrix, functions in transport and immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| fat cells in small amount of matrix, pads organs and stores energy |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone released by hypothalmus that triggers onset of puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| luteinizing hormone released by pituitary gland, triggers ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| follical stimulating hormone released by pituitary gland, triggers follicle development |
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Term
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Definition
| male reproductive hormone released by testes |
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Term
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Definition
| female reproductive hormone released by ovaries, stimulates LH release |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of menstrual cycle in which follicle matures and ovulation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of menstrual cycle in which corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle and degenerates |
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Term
| hormonal regulation of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
FSH stimulates follicle development
estradiol stimulates LH release
LH triggers ovulation
corpus luteum secretes progesterone
progesterone stimulates uterine lining to thicken
w/o fertilization, progesterone falls as corpus luteum degenerates
uterine lining degenerates |
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