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L01
Biochemistry Introduction
36
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 4
09/16/2015

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Term
What is biochemistry?
Definition
seeks to describe the structure, organization, and functions of living matter in molecular terms
Term
What is the universal concept of biochemistry?
Definition
all living things use the same types of biomolecules
Term
What are biomolecules?
Definition
water
inorganic ions
small organic compounds
Term
What percentage do biomolecules account for living matter by weight?
Definition
75-80 %
Term
What percentage do macromolecules account for living matter by weight?
Definition
20- 25%
Term
What are the four types of macromolecules?
Definition
nucleic acids
proteins
polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
lipids
Term
Cells import what rather than creating it themselves?
Definition
cells import water, ions & small compounds
Term
What do cells make for themselves?
Definition
Cells make their own macromolecules
Term
Why do cells make their own macromolecules?
Definition
Macromolecules are too large to import into the cell but are rather made from the subunits that are able to be imported into the cell
Term
What is the structural hierarcy?
Definition
level four: the cell and its organelles
level three: supramolecular complexes
level two: macromolecules
level one: monomeric units
Term
What are some examples of level one in the structural hierarchy?
Definition
nucleotides
amino acids
sugars
Term
What are some examples of level two in the structural hierarchy?
Definition
DNA
protein
cellulose
Term
What are some examples of level three in the structural hierarchy?
Definition
chromosome
plasma membrane
cell wall
Term
What is an example of level four in the structural hierarchy?
Definition
the cell and its organelles
Term
The process of creating a nucleic acid
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Definition
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Term
What is the monomer unit for nucleic acids?
Definition
nucleotide
Term
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Definition
sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group
Term
What type of sugar is associated with DNA?
Definition
deoxyribose
Term
What type of sugar is associated with RNA?
Definition
ribose
Term
What kind of linkages are associated with nucleic acids?
Definition
phosphodiester bonds
Term
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Definition
repositories & transmitters of genetic information
energy exchange: ATP & GTP
metabolic regulation
catalytic (some)
Term
What "sense" are nucleic acids read in?
Definition
5' to 3' sense
Term
How is a polymer formed (basic idea)?
Definition
amino acid monomers are linked together by amide (peptide) bond
Term
What is the most abundant type of macromolecule?
Definition
proteins
Term
How many types of proteins does a typical eukaryotic cell have?
Definition
~ 7.9 * 10^9
varies widely
depends on cell type, age, cell cycle, activity
Term
What is the function of proteins?
Definition
"workhorses of the cell"
responsible for structure, movement, catalysis, and antibodies
Term
Changes in abundance or proteins per cell
Definition
abundance of particular protein varies widely
there are rare proteins such as a cell-surface insulin receptor and there are abundant proteins such as actin, a structural protein
Term
Formation of a polypeptide
Definition
[image]
Term
Carbohydrate general formula
Definition
(CH2O)n
many contain amion sulfate or phosphate groups
Term
Functions of carbohydrate
Definition
energy cycle in biosphere
structural
- cellulose in woody plants
- exoskeleton in insects
molecular recognition
Term
Monomer unit for carbohydrates
Definition
monosaccharide
Term
What is a saccharide?
Definition
a sugar group
Term
Linkage of carbohydrates
Definition
glycosidic bond
Term
Formation of a carbohydrate
Definition
[image]
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