Term
| Interpreatations of reinforcment learning |
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Definition
| associative learning or cognitive learning |
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Term
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Definition
"Like cat puzzle, No tripping mechanisms
of retrieving bananas when positioned out of reach
Chimps showed intelligent behavior, used tools" |
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Term
| McNamaras study with rats |
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Definition
| "a. Moved through maze overhead |
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Term
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Definition
| rats had aquired a spatial cognitive map of tha maze |
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Term
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Definition
"Switch banana for piece of lettuce
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Term
| Associative or cognitive processes |
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Definition
"associative- learning to make connections
cognition: anticipating reward, planned goal oriented " |
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Term
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Definition
| "acquisition phase, immediate serial recall on nonsense syllables. Repeat until memorized" |
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Term
| Ebbinghaus’ results on forgetting |
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Definition
| Learning is forgotten quickly |
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Term
| Ebbinghaus’ serial position findings |
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Definition
| middle items on lists are most difficult |
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Term
| Ebbinghaus’ associative learning explanation |
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Definition
item to item associations
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Term
| Paired associate learning (PAL) tasks |
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Definition
| " Give unrelated pairings, and told to memorize the 2nd word" |
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Term
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Definition
| usign a mediating word to link the to be associated words |
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Term
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Definition
| "loci, peg word, bizarre images" |
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Term
| Implications of PAL findings for study strategies |
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Definition
| link information/words to increase learning |
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Term
| Implications of PAL findings for associative accounts |
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Definition
| information close to together willl have better memory |
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Term
| List reorganization in free recall |
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Definition
| uses exsisting knowledge to group together iteams that are similar or related to each other |
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Term
| Implications of list reorganization for associative accounts |
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Definition
| we don’t just learn simple associations |
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Term
| Key features of stage models (3) |
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Definition
| "encoding, retrieval, storage" |
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Term
| Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model |
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Definition
| "sensory memeory, short term, long term" |
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Term
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Definition
| "visual short term memory, short rention" |
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Term
| Sperling’s results on the precategorical nature of sensory memory |
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Definition
| there's no category heirachy in sensory memory |
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Term
| Interference vs. decay theory of forgetting |
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Definition
| "sensory memeory, short term = decay, long term= interference" |
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Term
| Peterson & Peterson study with three consonants |
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Definition
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Term
| Semantic confusions in LTM |
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Definition
| we remember the meaning or interpretation of a word rather than the eaxact wor ots sounds |
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Term
| Proposed differences between STM vs. LTM |
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Definition
| "STM= verbal decay short duration limited capacity---- LTM= semantic, interference long duration high capacity" |
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Term
| Keppel and Underwood’s forgetting study with three |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "b/c there was 3 trials, we saw intereference versus just one go at it" |
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Term
| Nature of the code in STM and LTM |
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Definition
| under right conditions you can get semantic confusions in short term memory and phoenetic confusions in LTM |
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Term
| Findings about STM vs. LTM from amnesics |
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Definition
| separate systems in zee brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Subsystems of Baddeley’s working memory model |
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Definition
| "phonological loop, central executive, visuospatial" |
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Term
| Components of the phonological loop |
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Definition
our brief storage of verbal material. Articulatory rehearsal process
non-auditory input |
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Term
| Access to loop for auditory vs. non-auditory information |
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Definition
| "auditory information gets direct access, non-auditory information must be encoded into auditory" |
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Term
| Phonological similarity effect |
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Definition
| STM memory preformance is worse if they sound alike or similar |
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Term
| Phono. similarity effect with and without articulatory suppression |
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Definition
| "without the rehersal process theres nto phonoloigcal similarity effect, with the images." |
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Term
| Modal model vs. processing views |
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Definition
| "processing views focuses what you do with information, no separate system" |
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Term
| "Levels of processing theory, Focus on encoding operations" |
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Definition
| What’s during initial learning |
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Term
| Importance of quantity vs. quality of rehearsal |
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Definition
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Term
| Glenberg’s work on amount of rehearsal |
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Definition
| No difference in varying amounts of repetitions |
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Term
| Craik & Tulving’s levels of processing experiment |
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Definition
"Orienting question: orient the subject
3 questions to test levels of processing
Control how they encode |
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Term
| Fisher & Craik’s encoding/retrieval experiment |
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Definition
"Instead of surprise recall, its cued recall test
Cue test matching with how its recalled/learned
Implication: match learning and encoding |
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Term
| General causes of forgetting (3) |
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Definition
| "decay, interference, and ?" |
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Term
| Possible problems with encoding (3) |
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Definition
| "problems with encoding, rerieval, retention" |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs only with continued perseveration (long term memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Perseveration: neural circuits in the brain are activated, the activity perseverates. The idea/firing continues for awhile. (short term memory" |
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Term
| Link between consolidation theory and STM/LTM |
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Definition
| "consolidation is LTM, perseveration STM" |
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Term
| Prediction of consolidation theory (2) |
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Definition
"Inactivity > activity
Interruption of perseveration: head trauma, engagae in other activity to interrupt perseveration |
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Term
| Support for consolidation theory (2) |
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Definition
| "sleep studies, retrograde amnesia" |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Information is gradually fading from memory over time |
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Term
| Wicken’s study with categorized lists |
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Definition
| "Have subjects try to remember words from categories |
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Term
| Findings showing memory improvement over time |
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Definition
| "Decay isn’t the cause of forgetting, due to interference, therefore less interference at the end of the experiment" |
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Term
| Memory as a problem of discrimination |
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Definition
| You have to discriminate with what you recall and other activations of memory that happen |
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Term
| Forgetting as an adaptive process |
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Definition
| It’s beneficial to forget because previous information may no longer relevant- Adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
| we neeeed it so we suppress information irrelvant to the memory |
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