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KU David Smith Sociology Test 3
Reading Question Flashcards
125
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2010
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Term
Fromm says that Lorenz and Freud share a conception of human action in which people are said to be “driven” to act in certain definite ways by instinctual energies.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Freud rejected the popular notion of a “death wish” or “death instinct.”
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Lorenz believed, Fromm says, that people should “open their eyes” to the fact that the modern drift to nuclear war reflects the influence of “social, political, and economic circumstances of our own making."
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Lorenz calls the aggressive drive a “hereditary evil” which springs from our inherited biological nature.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Lorenz rejects the notion that aggression has historically played a progressive role by making humanity “better” and facilitating the rise of hierarchy.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
For Lorenz, animals in general -- and people in particular -- are innately aggressive.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says that a genetic tendency to violence would not, in fact, give the bearers of this tendency an enhanced chance of survival.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The philosopher Hobbes said that “the war of all against all” is our natural state. Lorenz holds a similar viewpoint, according to Fromm.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm may disagree with Lorenz on many specific theoretical points, but he greatly admires Lorenz’s extensive knowledge of human history and psychology.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
For Fromm, narcissists are so insulated from reality that they are literally incapable of being frustrated.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm regards Lorenz’s aunt as a typical example, not of people in general, but of people with narcissistic and exploitative tendencies.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm accepts Lorenz’s point that American-Soviet relations have some of the same basic qualities that we find in the relations between greylag geese.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Lorenz believes that it may be possible to place militant enthusiasm under intelligent supervision by training people to be “militant” only with respect to certain objects.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm argues that atrocities were committed by nearly everyone, on an almost universal scale, in both World Wars.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm agrees that personal acquaintance has “aggression-lowering” effects.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
As evidence against the thesis that people hate each other less when they know each other better, Fromm cites the cruelty of civil wars and family disputes.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm cites the Olympics as evidence for Lorenz’s view that international athletics is a safe outlet for aggressive drives.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that humanistic educators in Germany before World War 1 were even more "war-minded” than the average German.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Despite saying that Lorenz maintains a “quasi-religious attitude towards Darwinism,” Fromm never says in so many words that Lorenz was a defender of social or moral Darwinism.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Social and moral Darwinism, Fromm says, obscures true understanding of human aggressiveness.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Skinner defends the idea of human nature.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Skinner regards negative and positive reinforcements as equally effective.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that, if blue-collar workers were allowed the same degree of creativity granted to managers and scientists, “the smooth functioning” of the system could be threatened.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm accepts Skinner’s argument that there is no essential difference between designing a bomb and deciding to build one.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm believes that Skinner’s theory is exceptionally popular because, in our society, people feel that they are continuously subject to manipulation of one kind or another.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Behavorism, Fromm says, is the predominant orientation of American psychologists.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says that Skinner studies the deed, not the doer.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Behaviorists define science as the quest to find causes and motives beneath the observable surface of events and actions.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that the children of sadistic fathers suffer only if their fathers treat them violently.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that the children of sadistic fathers suffer only if their fathers treat them violently.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm denies that signs of nervousness can be considered a major result of Milgram’s experiment.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
As reported by Fromm, of the 40 subjects in Milgram’s experiment, 35% refused at one point or another to continue administering shocks to the "victim” in the experiment.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says that Milgram places too much stress on the obedience of many test subjects, and that we should give at least equal weight to the disobedience of others.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm denies that different people respond to orders differently because they have different personality types.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Zimbardo’s central thesis, Fromm says, is that the test subjects who were assigned to play guards and prisoners in his experiment were “transformed,” respectively, into brutal sadists and abject submissives.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Zimbardo’s central thesis, Fromm says, is that the test subjects who were assigned to play guards and prisoners in his experiment were “transformed,” respectively, into brutal sadists and abject submissives.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says that Zimbardo’s test conditions were more extreme and punitive than the situations in some actual prisons.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm notes that, in an earlier account of their findings, Zimbardo and his co-authors said that fully two-thirds of the prison guards were "fair” or even “friendly” towards their prisoners.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm cites his own earlier research to support Zimbardo’s hypothesis that the subjects in his sample had no sadistic dispositions to start with.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says, echoing Bettelheim, that people who were interned in Nazi concentration camps in World War 2 did not all respond alike -- and that, in fact, people from different social classes and people with different worldviews behaved very differently.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm calls frustration-aggression theory a powerful alternative to behaviorism.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm agrees with Dollard that frustration invariably leads to aggression.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that frustration is not a good explanation for aggression because almost everything in life entails some frustration, and most people, most of the time, learn to cope with frustration, rather than throwing a tantrum.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says that, despite its flaws, behavioristic psychology is still the most promising foundation for a systematic theory of the sources of violent aggression.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that instinctivists and behaviorists agree on “one basic premise,” that people are, in effect, “machines” or “puppets,” whose behavior is determined not by their psyche but by forces outside their control, whether instinct or environment conditioning.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Like E. O. Wilson, Paul Leyhausen was influenced by Konrad Lorenz.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says that evolutionary biology explains not only why people are capable of fear but why specific people fear specific things in specific circumstances.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that instinctivists and behaviorists generally ignore each other.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm denies the usefulness of the concepts of “sadism” and “masochism.”
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Fromm says that instinctivism reflects the spirit of early, ruthless, competitive capitalism and that behaviorism reflects the more cooperative spirit of today’s giant corporations.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Instinctivists in the 1920’s waged what Fromm calls a “victorious anti-behavioristic revolution.”
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The German term “ zeitgeist” means “spirit” or “mood” of the times. Fromm would say that behaviorism reflects the 20th-century zeitgeist better than instinctivism.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Fromm says the popularity of Lorenz’s viewpoint represents the “revival” of instinctivism, which he credits partly to increasing fear and hopelessness.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The psychoanalyst Waelder, cited by Fromm, denies that Freud’s theory of the “death instinct” should disturb people who hope to see human suffering mitigated or abolished.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
In the "nature-nurture” debate, Fromm rejects nature in favor of nurture.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Forty of the test subjects who participated in Milgram’s obedience experiment were subsequently given personality tests and questionnaires.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The authors stress that participants in the different versions of Milgram’s obedience experiment differed only slightly in their individual responses.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Elms and Milgram note that, in some experimental variations, as few as 30% of Milgram’s test subjects obeyed the experimenter’s orders completely.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Elms and Milgram point out that some test subjects obeyed the experimenter’s orders even when the victim was right there, sitting nearby in immediate physical proximity.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Elms and Milgram administered personality tests exclusively to subjects from Milgram's “Remote and Voice Feedback” conditions.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The “semantic differential scales” that test subjects were asked to complete included references to parents, employers, and the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Obedient and defiant Ss registered no significant differences with respect to social responsibility.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Obedient Ss scored significantly higher on the California F Scale even when education was factored out of the analysis.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Obedient Ss were significantly more likely than defiant Ss to report that they were close to their fathers when they were children.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Differences between obedient and defiant Ss with respect to punishment were not readily quantifiable.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Obedient Ss were significantly more likely than defiant Ss to offer positive words to describe their parents.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Four fifths of the obedient Ss who had served in the military said they had fired weapons at enemy soldiers.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Four fifths of the defiant Ss who had served in the military said they had fired weapons at enemy soldiers.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
All of the obedient Ss who had fired weapons at enemy soldiers denied that they had actually killed anyone.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Elms and Milgram say that obeying realistic experimental orders is better evidence of obedient tendencies than simply agreeing with clichés.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Elms and Milgram note several parallels between their findings and findings reported in The Authoritarian Personality.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Four fifths of the defiant Ss who had served in the military said they had fired weapons at enemy soldiers.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Psychologists find that many people tend to blame victims. Elms and Milgram find just the opposite tendency – that even obedient Ss strongly sympathize with their victims, and even “glorify” them.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Elms and Milgram, like The Authoritarian Personality, find that obedient Ss tend towards “stereotyped glorification of the father.”
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Obedient Ss were significantly more likely than defiant Ss to offer positive words to describe their parents.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Obedient and defiant Ss differed sharply in their opinions of Adolf Eichmann.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Elms and Milgram conclude that initial personality differences between obedient and defiant Ss are likely sources of the differences in their behavior.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Elms and Milgram say that, on balance, the evidence suggests that obedient Ss are more likely than defiant Ss to accept the idea of injuring others "easily.”
 Definition
TRUE
Term
A quarter of the combat-experienced defiant Ss admit that they tried to hit specific people when they fired their weapons in battle.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Elms and Milgram deny that the details of their study permit us to picture the obedient S as authoritarian personality.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Obedient Ss tend to obey in particular instances, but they do not generally hold favorable attitudes towards command-obedience situations in the abstract.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Neither obedient nor defiant Ss would view Yale University itself as “ aggressive."
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Not all defiant Ss proved to be warmly humanitarian in all their attitudes.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Elms and Milgram say that in some cases obedience in their experiment may result, not from submissiveness plus aggressiveness (which is what the F Scale measures), but rather from submissiveness WITHOUT aggressiveness.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Elms and Milgram say that their results show that there is one and only one kind of "obedient subject.”
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Not all defiant Ss proved to be warmly humanitarian in all their attitudes.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The population of Rwanda before the genocide was over 20 million.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The traditional Rwandan concept of Imana designated a sacred power.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
From independence in 1962 until the genocide in 1994, Rwanda was ruled by just one ruler.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
All citizens during Habyarimana’s reign were required to belong to the MRND.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Despite differences in status, Rwandans in the Habyarimana years were all basically equal in terms of wealth and landownership.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Coffee production for the international market was a major part of economic life in the Habyarimana era.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The Arusha Accord of 1993 handed total power to the RPF.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The Rwandan genocide was meticulously organized by the state.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Obedient and defiant Ss differed sharply in their opinions of Adolf Eichmann.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Elms and Milgram say that in some cases obedience in their experiment may result, not from submissiveness plus aggressiveness (which is what the F Scale measures), but rather from submissiveness WITHOUT aggressiveness.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
As many as 25% of ordinary Rwandan citizens participated directly in the killing of other Rwandans during the genocide.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The word “Tutsi” originally meant “royal warrior.”
 Definition
FALSE
Term
When the Tutsis arrived in Great Lakes Africa they were primarily cattle-herding pastoralists.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The word “Hutu” means “subject” or “vassal.”
 Definition
TRUE
Term
In the period before European colonization, the division between Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda became primarily a class division.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The Belgians discriminated against the Tutsis in favor of the Hutus.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The Belgians interpreted the Tutsi/Hutu distinction as a racial difference.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Habyarimana’s power base in the Rwandan north (Gisenyi, etc.) was always deeply loyal to the cause of Hutu unity.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Tutsis alone were killed during the genocide.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Many longitudinal studies have shown that aggressiveness is a stable personality trait, and that childhood aggression is often a warning sign of aggression later in life.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The Oliners stress that “dominating structures” have so much power over individuals that we are generally powerless to resist them.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The Oliners say that people who derive internal satisfaction from helping others cannot be regarded as altruistic, even if they risk or suffer more than they gain and seek no recognition.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Some nations, which tended to be resistant to anti-Semitism, kept levels of Jewish victimization relatively low; others did the reverse.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Demographic research shows that blue-collar workers and women were the two groups most likely to participate in Holocaust rescue efforts.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The Oliners say that social learning theorists would have trouble explaining acts that are not prompted by interest in external rewards.
 Definition
?????
Term
The Oliners believe that longitudinal research gives us good reasons to regard personality as relatively stable over time.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The Oliners deny that friendships with Jews significantly influenced rescue behavior.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Most rescuers lived alone with few neighbors and did not fear that their efforts would be disclosed or discovered by anyone close to them.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
The Oliners deny that friendships with Jews significantly influenced rescue behavior.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Bystanders were more exclusively middle-income than rescuers, whose ranks included more of the very poor and the very well off.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Rescuers were less likely than others to belong to formal networks and families that they had reason to think would help and support them.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Most rescuers volunteered their help, without waiting to be asked.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The Oliners conclude that rescuers “simply happened” to have more opportunities to help Jews than non-rescuers did.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Most bystanders hated the Nazis, but felt too fearful and hopeless to take action against them.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Rescuers and “ actives” were equally likely to stress that their actions were primarily motivated by hatred for the Nazis.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
The Oliners found that religion played essentially no role in inspiring Holocaust rescuers to help Jews.
 Definition
FALSE
Term
Bystanders were substantially more likely than rescuers to report that their parents had demanded obedience from them.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Equity, as a value, is related to a concern with reciprocity and fair exchange, which the Oliners associate with a “contractual” outlook.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
Rescuers and nonrescuers were equally likely to hear their parents teach the virtue of reciprocity, but rescuers were more likely to hear their parents teach the virtue of generosity.
 Definition
TRUE
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