Term
| Gastrointestinal Tract has 3 primary roles |
|
Definition
| Extract macronutrients, Absorb necessary micronutrients and trace elements, & Serve as a physical and immunologic barrier to microorganisms, foreign material, and potential antigens |
|
|
Term
| Percent of the human diet is digested and absorbed by the GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The villi and microvilli cause a huge increase in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary site of nutrient absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The GI tract is more susceptible than most tissues to: |
|
Definition
1. micronutrient deficiencies
2. protein calorie malnutrition
3. damage resulting from toxins, drugs, irradiation, or interruption of its blood supply |
|
|
Term
| The life span of the GI tract is _______ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the the cells of the GI tract die, they are recycled in the body and account for as much as _______g of protein per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effects of a few days of starvation will result in GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrophy of the GI tract results in |
|
Definition
reduction of surface area
reduced secretions
reduced synthetic functions
reduced blood flow
reduced absorptive capacity |
|
|
Term
| Normal GI function can be returned in as little as ___ days with resumption of food intake following starvation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research indicates that the human GI tract functions optimally on _______ consumption of healthy food rather than food consumption interspersed with prolonged fasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the stomach Stomach
Food is mixed with |
|
Definition
| acidic fluid and proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| the Majority of digestion occurs in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of digestion that occurs in the small intestine happens in the first ______cm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes are released from the |
|
Definition
| pancreas and small intestine |
|
|
Term
| bile is released from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the small intestine Starches are reduced to |
|
Definition
| smaller molecular weight carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| in the small intestine Proteins to |
|
Definition
| small-medium sized peptides |
|
|
Term
| in the small intestine Lipids to |
|
Definition
| triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
|
Term
| In the small intestine the enzymes from the brush border make some of the final contributions to digestion by: |
|
Definition
Further reducing carbohydrates to monosaccharides
Further reducing proteins to single AA, dipeptides, and tripeptides |
|
|
Term
| Movement of ingested and secreted material in the GI tract is regulated by |
|
Definition
| peptide hormones, nerves, and enteric muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrolytes (Na+, K+), and forms Vitamin K by bacterial action |
|
|
Term
| This is responsible for Fermenting the remaining fiber, resistant starch, sugar and amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Produces SCFA’s (and gas) which provide energy to the mucosa, and absorb the remaining water and salts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestive enzymes are synthesized in the |
|
Definition
| mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine |
|
|
Term
| No digestive enzymes are secreted in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In its pure form, ______ cannot be transported across the mucosa of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fermented dairy products such as yogurt are well tolerated by individuals who are lactose-intolerant because of the bacterial enzyme __________ (produced by the culture) in ‘live’ yogurt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta–galactosidase which is able to digest lactose to glucose and galactose, is __________ and hence is thought to survive gastric digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In infants and young children, lactase deficiency is usually a transient problem occurring after an episode of _____________, but it is commonly a feature of any disease that causes damage to the intestinal mucosa (e.g., celiac disease). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a number of populations (e.g., ________________) a high proportion of adults have very little lactase activity. This adult deficiency is believed to have a genetic basis. |
|
Definition
| African, Mexican, Greenland Eskimo |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of GI activity falls under the control of |
|
Definition
Nerves
Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptide Hormones |
|
|
Term
| Neural mechanisms of GI control include |
|
Definition
| Intrinsic system & External system |
|
|
Term
| External system of GI control includes |
|
Definition
| nerve fibers running to and from the central and autonomic nervous system (chiropractic will effect) |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic system of GI control includes |
|
Definition
| 2 layers of nerves embedded in the gut wall (effected by distension, the sense of food being there) |
|
|
Term
| Receptors in the gut wall are sensitive to |
|
Definition
| chyme (semiliquid-protein/fat/carbs) and lumen distention (fullness) |
|
|
Term
| GI is largely _________ in regards to motility and secretions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic fibers (fear-anger-stress) ____ GI transit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic fibers are active upon the sight or smell of food which stimulates |
|
Definition
| gastric acidity (anticipation), may also send signals of colicky pain, sharp pain, nausea, urgency, or gastric fullness/emptiness |
|
|
Term
| HCL secretion, pepsinogen, and motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “G” cells in antral mucosa of stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triggers: antrum distention after a meal, smell or sight of food (vagus nerve), presence of proteins, alcohol, caffeine, food extracts in the antrum of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opposes the action of gastrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protects small intestine, creates a better environment for enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water and bicarbonate secretion from pancreas into duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "S” cells from the proximal small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triggers: Acid in the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “I” cells of small bowel mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triggers: proteins and fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functions:
Secretion of pancreatic enzymes
Gallbladder contraction
Increase motility
Slow gastric emptying
Increase satiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incretin hormone (help keep blood glucose from rising excessively after a meal) |
|
Definition
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) |
|
|
Term
| Triggers: glucose and fat |
|
Definition
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) & Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) |
|
|
Term
| Functions: insulin release from pancreas |
|
Definition
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) |
|
|
Term
| Functions: decrease glucagon and increase insulin secretion, delay gastric emptying, promotes satiety |
|
Definition
| Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) |
|
|
Term
| Triggers: bile and pancreatic secretions in the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions: increases gastric emptying and GI motility (stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
