Term
| An inborn error of metabolism in which the enzyme lactase is either absent or in reduced concentrations |
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Definition
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Term
| Affected individuals are unable to break down ingested lactose |
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Definition
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Term
Affected individuals with lactase deficiency
are unable to break down ingested lactose, the main sugar found in milk, and which if unabsorbed passes into the large intestine, where there are two consequences: |
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Definition
Osmotic diarrhea
2. Abdominal distention, flatus (hydrogen production), and perianal soreness from the production of organic acids |
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Term
| From “D” cells in antrum and pylorus |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitory and antisecretory |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreases motility in the stomach and intestine, and inhibits or regulates the release of several GI hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestion in the mouth: begins minimal starch digestion, enzyme become inactive when it reaches the acidic stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestion in the mouth:causes food to stick together and provides lubrication for swallowing |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestion in the mouth: A lipase is present in ________ secretions that causes minimal lipid digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| After it has been chewed The food mass is now referred to as a |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ ml of gastric juice is secreted daily |
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Definition
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Term
| The gastric secretions consist of the following: |
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Definition
HCL
Protease
Lipase
Mucus
Intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption in the ileum)
Hormone Gastrin |
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Term
| Stomach pH ranges from _______ |
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Definition
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Term
HCL
Secreted by the ____________ in the walls of the fundus and corpus |
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Definition
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Term
| These factors can suppress acid secretion increase the risk of microbrial overgrowth |
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Definition
| Achlorhydria, gastrectomy, GI dysfunction, disease, poor nutrition or drugs |
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Term
| Protease (Pepsin)isFirst secreted as |
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Definition
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Term
| HCL converts pepsinogen to its active form, |
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Definition
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Term
| Pepsin is only active in an |
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Definition
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Term
Protease (Pepsin)
Secreted by the _______ cells in the walls of the fundus and corpus |
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Definition
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Term
| Specifically processes medium and short chain triglycerides, normal diet contains few of these fats |
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Definition
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Term
| Believed to have an important role in the liquid diet of infants |
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Definition
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Term
| Secreted by the chief cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Some patients with pancreatic malabsorption may benefit from a diet enriched with |
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Definition
| medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) |
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Term
| MCTs are absorbed directly into the _________ and therefore bypass the steps of intraluminal digestion, reesterification, and enterocyte uptake |
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Definition
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Term
| MCTs may be a dietary source of fats more easily absorbed in settings of fat malabsorption due to either |
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Definition
| pancreatic insufficiency or mucosal disease |
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Term
| MCT oils are less energy dense than long-chain fats, more expensive, and do not contain the ________________________, which are essential to humans. |
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Definition
| fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acid |
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Term
| Liquid meal will exit the stomach in as little as _____ hours |
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Definition
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Term
| A solid meal will take ____ hours |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ prevents gastric reflux |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ prevents backflow of chyme into the stomach and regulates gastric contents |
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Definition
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Term
| these can affect the activity of the pyloric and esophageal sphincters |
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Definition
| Emotional changes, food, and GI regulators |
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Term
| Most digestion occurs in the |
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Definition
| duodenum and upper jejunum |
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Term
| Absoprtion is largely complete by the time the food reaches the middle of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid chyme is neutralized by |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver and gallbladder secrete |
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Definition
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Term
| Bile acts as a surfactant and facilitates |
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Definition
| digestion and absorption of lipids |
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Term
| Primary lipid-digesting enzymes from the pancreas are |
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Definition
Pancreatic Lipase
Colipase |
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Term
| Trypsin and Chromotrypsin are secreted in their inactive form (trypsinogen and chromotrypsinogen), become activated by |
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Definition
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Term
| Enterokinase (carboxypeptidase) is secreted when chyme comes in contact with the |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ hydrolyzes starch to dextrins and maltose |
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Definition
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Term
| Journey through the intestine is roughly ____ hours long and end at the iliocecal valve |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary site of nutrient absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary organ of nutrient and water absoprtion |
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Definition
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Term
| Each day the small intestine absorbs ____ g of monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| Each day the small intestine absorbs _______g of fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Each day the small intestine absorbs _________ g of amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Each day the small intestine absorbs ___ g of ions |
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Definition
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Term
| Site of the absorption of the remaining water and salts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis of a small amount of vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| GI tract _______ at birth |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ main bacteria until infant eats solid foods |
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Definition
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Term
| Escherichia coli predominates in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteriodes predominates in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors affecting the kind of flora in the GI tract |
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Definition
Dietary intake (prebiotics)
Hygiene
Medical history
Surgical history |
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Term
| Few bacteria usually survive in the stomach and small intestine due to germicidal actions of the following: |
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Definition
Hydrochloric acid
Pepsin
Bile |
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Term
| if gastric secretions were to decrease, what would be the expected outcome? |
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Definition
Increased survival of microbes
Increase risk of inflammation of the gastric mucosa (gastritis)
Increased risk of bactierial overgrowth
Helicobacter pylori is acid-tolerant and can infect the stomach causing both ulcers and gastritis. |
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Term
| Dietary fiber, resistant starches, left over amino acids, and mucus become _____ in the colon |
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Definition
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Term
Dietary fiber, resistant starches, left over amino acids, and mucus become fermented in the colon
Contribute to the formation of |
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Definition
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Term
| These nutrients are performed by bacterial synthesis in the large intestine |
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Definition
| Vitamin K, Vitamin B12, Thiamin, and Riboflavin |
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