Term
| the combination of a decrease in energy from decreased absorption of macronutrients and a very small contribution of energy from microbial fermentation of fiber results in a |
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Definition
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Term
| In the United States, dietary fiber is currently assigned an energy value for food-labeling purposes of 0 kcal/g if it is |
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Definition
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Term
| In the United States, dietary fiber is currently assigned an energy value for food-labeling purposes of 4 kcal/g (the same as for carbohydrates and proteins) if it is |
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Definition
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Term
| Dietary fiber, particularly ________ fiber, has been reported to reduce hunger |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased satiety with dietary fiber intake has been attributed, in part, to |
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Definition
| delayed emptying of the gastric contents |
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Term
| the consumption of an additional 14 g/day of fiber is associated with a |
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Definition
| 10% decrease in energy intake |
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Term
| Several intervention studies demonstrated that consuming fiber as part of a weight-reducing diet assists in |
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Definition
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Term
| Observational data showed that dietary fiber intake is positively associated with a |
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Definition
| lower incidence of obesity and a lower body mass index |
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Term
| Numerous intervention studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of dietary fiber, particularly viscous fibers, |
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Definition
| on plasma glucose and insulin response in patients with type 2 diabetes |
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Term
| The ability of viscous fibers to lower the glycemic response of a meal has been attributed to |
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Definition
| delayed gastric emptying and a slowed rate of digestion and absorption |
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Term
| Results of a large prospective cohort study concluded that the consumption of fiber-containing foods can reduce the risk of |
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Definition
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Term
| ________________ were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes |
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Definition
| Whole-grain foods (bran, brown rice, whole-grain cereals, and dark bread) |
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Term
| Cereal fiber intake was ________ associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanisms by which fibers may protect against CHD include |
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Definition
| lowering blood cholesterol, attenuating blood triglyceride levels, decreasing hypertension, and normalizing postprandial blood glucose levels |
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Term
| the epidemiologic studies support the relationship of ____________ with a decreased risk of CHD |
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Definition
| all fiber-containing foods |
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Term
| the protective effect of fiber against CHD is not limited to |
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Definition
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Term
| fiber has been shown to _________ hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| Purported mechanisms by which hyperglycemia may contribute to CHD include the induction of oxidative stress, which may |
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Definition
| increase blood pressure, accelerate blood clot formation, and reduce blood flow |
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Term
| hyperglycemia may increase insulin levels, which could increase the risk for CHD through |
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Definition
| the insulin resistance syndrome |
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Term
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets may |
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Definition
| increase blood triglyceride levels (an independent risk factor for CHD) |
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Term
| A review of pertinent studies suggests that if the high-carbohydrate diet is also a _________ diet, one will see a small reduction in fasting triglyceride levels, rather than an increase, as usually seen with high-carbohydrate, low-fiber diets |
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Definition
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Term
| a meta-analysis of fiber trials showed a small independent effect of dietary fiber on lowering |
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Definition
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Term
| Fiber intake may play a role in the reduction of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| three well-conducted large-scale clinical intervention trials were conducted, with colon polyp recurrence as the end point, and not one of the three trials showed |
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Definition
| a protective effect of fiber against colon cancer |
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Term
| Epidemiologic studies on the relationship between fiber intake and the incidence of breast cancer appear to show a |
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Definition
| negative association when fiber intakes are very different |
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Term
| The mechanism by which fiber may protect against breast cancer that has received the most attention is through |
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Definition
| decreasing serum estrogen concentrations |
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Term
| Estrogens are excreted from the body by way of the gastrointestinal tract, but they may be reabsorbed if they are in their |
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Definition
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Term
| Fiber can bind directly to unconjugated estrogens, thus |
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Definition
| interfering with their reabsorption |
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Term
| fiber can also decrease the numbers of |
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Definition
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Term
| because of data showing a reduction of blood estrogen levels with high fiber intake , some researchers have hypothesized a protective effect against hormone-related cancers such as |
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Definition
| endometrial, ovarian, and prostate cancer |
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Term
| Studies have shown a decreased risk of _________ cancer with a high intake of dietary fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| No significant associations have been documented between dietary fiber intake and the risk of _______ cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Because viscous fibers are fermented in the large intestine, high intakes may result in |
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Definition
| gastrointestinal discomfort (e.g., flatulence, abdominal fullness) |
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Term
| When 4 to 12 g/day of hydrolyzed guar gum were consumed, |
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Definition
| moderate to severe flatulence was reported |
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Term
| When as much as 32 g/day of resistant starch was consumed, 91% of persons studied reported |
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Definition
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Term
| A meta-analysis of eight studies demonstrated that _________ was well tolerated with no deleterious side effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Most studies showed that viscous fiber (e.g., gums, pectin) consumption does not impair the intestinal absorption or balance of |
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Definition
| calcium , magnesium, iron, or zinc |
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Term
| some animal studies demonstrated that some viscous fibers may |
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Definition
| increase mineral absorption |
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Term
| when 12 g/day of bran was added to a meal, _____ absorption was reduced by 51 to 74%, and this reduction was not the result of the presence of phytate |
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Definition
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Term
| Dietary fiber occurs naturally in most |
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Definition
| vegetables, fruits, and grains |
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Term
| Approximately one third of dietary fiber occurs as |
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Definition
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Term
| one fourth to one third as |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately 15 to 20% of dietary fiber is present as |
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Definition
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Term
| most resistant starch is consumed from |
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Definition
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Term
| most inulin and oligofructose is consumed from |
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Definition
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Term
| Cellulose is _________ and is found in all plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fruits such as apples and oranges are good sources of |
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Definition
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Term
| Isolated soluble fibers, such as _____________ are added at low amounts to low-fat foods to create a creamy texture. |
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Definition
| inulin, carageenan, and guar gum |
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Term
| there is a dietary reference intake value for total fiber: __ g fiber daily/1000 kcal |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike fibers that are consumed as they naturally occur in foods, those fibers that are extracted and concentrated or synthesized and added in high quantities to foods or supplements are more likely to cause |
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Definition
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