Term
| 2 principal articulatiosn of the knee |
|
Definition
patellofemoral
tibiofemoral |
|
|
Term
| tibiofibular jt is considered part of what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibiofemoral jt: what type of jt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibiofemoral jt: degrees of freedom |
|
Definition
| 3 (flex/ext, abd/add, IR/ER) |
|
|
Term
| tibiofemoral jt: abb/add in the frontal plane is also called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibiofemoral jt: what defines the knee |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral compartment |
|
|
Term
| proximal side of the knee jt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Femur: which condyle is larger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Femur: what do the condyles form in terms of alignment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Femur: how do the condyles lie in orientaito to teh shaft |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Femur: condyles are convex in what planes |
|
Definition
| sagittal and frontal plane |
|
|
Term
| Femur: distal femur has how many articulating contact pts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibia: which plateau is larger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibia: which plateau has thicker cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibia: proximal tibia is _____ than the shaft with a ______ slope of ___-____ degrees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibia: shape of the tibial plateau and femoral condyles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tibia: the tibial plateau and the femoral condyles are essentially convex leading to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: longitudinal axis of femur is what shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: how is the longitudinal axis of femur oriented from proximal to distal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: position of the tibia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: overall orientation of the tibiofemoral alignment creates what type of angle |
|
Definition
| valgus angle of up to 5 degrees aka Q angle |
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: genu valgum would require what angle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: genu valgum aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: loads medially and laterally for genu valgum |
|
Definition
compressive load laterally
tensile load medially |
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: genu varum angle needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: genu varum aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tibiofemoral alignment: loads laterally and medially |
|
Definition
tensile laterally
compressive medially |
|
|
Term
| mechanical axis is the path from what to what |
|
Definition
| head of the femur to the head of the talus |
|
|
Term
| the mechanical axis is analogous ot what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mechanical axis is _____ with bilateral stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mechanical axis shifts ____ with unilateral stancemedial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mechanical axis shifts medial with unilateral stance which yields what else |
|
Definition
| a shift in the load properties |
|
|
Term
| what converts the tibial plateus to a concave surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purpose of the menisci (2) |
|
Definition
distribute weight bearing surface
reduce friciton |
|
|
Term
| controversial purpose of the menisci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: shape of the medial meniscus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: shape of the lateral meniscus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: which meniscus coveres more of the tibial surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: which condyle is more exposed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: how much load do the menisci take with stairs/gait |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: how much load do the menisci take with running |
|
Definition
| 3-4x the BW with every step |
|
|
Term
| menisci: how much load do the meniscus take on average |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: what horns are attached to the tibia |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior horns |
|
|
Term
| menisci: what attaches the anterior horn of both menisci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: what attaches the menisci to the tibia at the periphery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: medial meniscus is attached to what (4) structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: which is the more stable mensicus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: which meniscus is at greater risk for injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: lateral meniscus is connected to what (4) structures |
|
Definition
ACL
PCL
medial femoral condyle
popliteus |
|
|
Term
| menisci: how is the lateral meniscus attached to the PCL and medial femoral condyle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menisci: why is the lateral meniscus at less risk of injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes leg, rotates tibia medially at beginning of flexion |
|
|
Term
| menisci: what is the purpose of the multiple attachments of the menisci |
|
Definition
| prevent "squeezing" of the strutcture out from the jt |
|
|
Term
| menisci: benefit of having multiple attachments that are not having the meniscus slip out. |
|
Definition
contact is increased
jt stress is reducinged |
|
|
Term
| menisci: removing the meniscus increases contact area increasing femoral force by how much? tibial force by how much? |
|
Definition
femoral force by 2x
tibial force by 6-7x |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: when does vascularity to the menisci decrease |
|
Definition
| once weight bearing as a child |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: when vascularity decreases, which areas does it decrease to |
|
Definition
| vascularity decreases to the outer 25-33% |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: after 50 y.o. which portion is vascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: general nutrition provider |
|
Definition
synovial
unless in the vascular areas |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: how do they recieve their nutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply/nutrition of meniscus: healing is limited to what areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: size and tensile properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: superficial characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: deep tissue characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: the capsuel in addition to what other structures restrict motion |
|
Definition
| intra-articular ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: purpose of the synovial layer |
|
Definition
| secrete and absorb synovial fluid to provide nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: synovial layer adheres to what structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: synovial layer has many intricate folds called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knee capsule: synovial layer general characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plicae: what happens at 12 weeks of gestation |
|
Definition
| tye synovial septa are reabsorbed forming the compartment |
|
|
Term
| Plicae: what happens if after 12 weeks of gestation, the synovial septa are not fully reabsorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inferior
superior
medial
lateral |
|
|
Term
| Ligaments: control what motions |
|
Definition
extension
varus/valgus
tibial shear
IR/ER of tibia
combine motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superficial and deep
(thickening of the capsule) |
|
|
Term
| MCL: superficial portion connects where proximally |
|
Definition
| medial femoral epicondyle |
|
|
Term
| MCL: where is the distal attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCL: deep portion of the MCL is continuous with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCL: primary restraint to what load |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCL: primary restraint to what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCL: taught in what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCL: action of the MCL with knee in flexion |
|
Definition
| remains important for resisting valgus (actually > resistance) |
|
|
Term
| MCL: healing properties (2) |
|
Definition
highly vascular
high rate of healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral femoral condyle to fibular head |
|
|
Term
| LCL: blends with what structure |
|
Definition
| biceps femoris (conjoined tendon) |
|
|
Term
| LCL: difference between LCL and MCL |
|
Definition
| LCL is not a thickening but an isolated ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LCL: stress resistance in extension vs flexion |
|
Definition
55% at full extension
69% with flexion |
|
|
Term
| Similarity betweens MCL and LCL with jt position |
|
Definition
| both resist loads with knee flexino to a greater % but they are most efficient at full extension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior medial aspect of the lateral condyle |
|
|
Term
| ACL: there is a subtle ____ twist in the ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anteromedial (AMB)
posterolateral (PLB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACL: prevents what motions |
|
Definition
anterior shear
IR/ER
varugs/valgus |
|
|
Term
| ACL: which bundle is taught near full extension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACL: what bundle is taught with knee flexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACL: when angle has the point of maximal shear translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACL: 30 degrees of flexion is the point of maximal shear translation, as demonstrated in what special test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACL: what bundle provides rotary stability |
|
Definition
| posterolateral bundle more than the anteromedial bundle |
|
|
Term
| ACL: what must be torn prior before the ACL really becomes a factor in regards to varus/valgus forces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collaterale ligament tear
meniscus tear
ACL tear |
|
|
Term
| Muscle influence: quads promote what motion |
|
Definition
| anterior tibial translation |
|
|
Term
| Muscle influence: hamstrings promote what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle influence: soleus promotes what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle influence: gastrocs promote what motion |
|
Definition
posterior femoral shear
tibia anterior |
|
|
Term
| Muscle influence: what is ideal and the basis for prevenative training |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCL: similar to what ligament? in what regard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCL: PMB taught in what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCL: ALB is taught with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCL: main restraint to what motino |
|
Definition
| posterior shear of tibia on the femur |
|
|
Term
| what resists 90% of the posterior shear of the tibia on the femur |
|
Definition
| 90% of the load is resisted by the PCL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accessory ligaments: what are they |
|
Definition
the posterior capsule and its "corners"
posterior medial corner
posterior lateral corner |
|
|
Term
| accessory ligaments: the posterior medial corner of the capsule is reinforced by what |
|
Definition
| the oblique popliteal ligament (semimembranosus) and the posterior oblique ligament |
|
|
Term
| accessory ligaments: the posterior lateral corner is reinforced by what |
|
Definition
| arcuate ligament (popliteus), LCL, and ITB |
|
|
Term
| accessory ligaments: which was often a common structure repaired with ACL tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: primary and subordiante motion |
|
Definition
primary: flex/ext
subordinate: ER/IR, varus/valgus |
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: roll and glide which way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: why must there be anterior glide |
|
Definition
| the femur would roll of the tibia |
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: role of the ACl and PCL |
|
Definition
checks to motion
considered rigid
impose force to the femur guiding motion |
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: ACL is active in what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: PCL is active with what motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: glide is faciliated by what structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: what structure rolls on the menisci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: what forces are created with femoral/meniscal contact |
|
Definition
meniscus on femur forces
femur on meniscus forces |
|
|
Term
| Kinematics: there are 2 shear forces present in knee flexion what are they? |
|
Definition
shear 1 assists femur in forward glide in flexion
shear 2 assists in posterior migration of the meniscus |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the menisci with flexion |
|
Definition
medial meniscus is pulled posterior
lateral meniscus floats |
|
|
Term
| Coupled motion: are flex/ext independent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coupled motion: why does coupled motion occur? |
|
Definition
| oblique orientation of the femur with the tibia |
|
|
Term
| Coupled motion: flexion results in what coupled motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coupled motion: extension results in what coupled motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locking/screw home: knee extension has what automatic motions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locking/screw home: why does knee extension have ER |
|
Definition
terminal rotation is the product of the oblique orientation
shorter lateral condyle completes the roll/glide motion before the medial condyle |
|
|
Term
| locking/screw home: ER is primarily in what range from full extension |
|
Definition
| last 5 degrees into full extension |
|
|
Term
| locking/screw home: what must happen in order to flex the knee |
|
Definition
need to "unlock"
IR has to occur as the tibia flexes |
|
|
Term
| locking/screw home: when does this occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: how many facets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: engages what where? |
|
Definition
| engages the patellar groove of the femur |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: other characteristisc (2) |
|
Definition
anatomic pulley for the quads
highly mobile |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: where is the patella in extension |
|
Definition
| in the sulcus (not yet in the groove) |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: in extension there is a greater chance for what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: stability depends on what |
|
Definition
| vertical position of the patella |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: index for this jt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: what does the insall-salvati index measure |
|
Definition
| ratio of patellar tendon length to length of the patella (normally 1:1) |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: what happens if the patellar tendon is longer than the patella? |
|
Definition
| positions the patella high in the groove (patella alta) |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: if patella alta is present what must th eknee do to engage the patella in the intercondylar groove |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: chance of injury with patella alta |
|
Definition
| greater chance of sublux/dislocation |
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: if a short tendon what is it called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: at 20 degrees, what portion of the patella contacts the femur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patellofemoral jt: as the knee flexes more, what happens to the contact poitns of the patella on the femur |
|
Definition
| contact points shift laterally |
|
|
Term
| Normal patellar motion: patellar movement with extension |
|
Definition
| patella moves into the sulcus superiorly |
|
|
Term
| Normal patellar motion: as you flex, where does the patella go |
|
Definition
| into the intercondylar groove |
|
|
Term
| Normal patellar motion: patellar tilt in flexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal patellar motion: paterllar tilt in extension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal patellar motion: if the observed motion is opposite the normal, what is this indicative of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal patellar motion: purpose of shifts (2) |
|
Definition
not really functional
more for apprehension tests |
|
|
Term
| in knee flexion the patella ______ rotates as the tibia rotates to _____ the knee |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with further flexion from 20-90 degrees the patella further rotates how much |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of the patella as the knee moves from flexion into further flexion |
|
Definition
| medial positioning in early flexino then moves lateral with continued flexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line fromt he ASIS to the patella and then to the tibial tubercle |
|
|
Term
| Q-angle: excess increases risk of what |
|
Definition
maltracking
chance of dislocation/subluxation |
|
|
Term
| Q-angle: what must counter the positioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q-angle: static structure that helps hold the patella positioning |
|
Definition
| static medial retinaculum |
|
|
Term
| Q-angle: abnormality may also result from what |
|
Definition
| anteversion with tibial compensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACL (non contact, valgus collapse)
PCL
Meniscus
PFPS |
|
|
