1. Multicellular & eukaryotic
2. Most reproduce sexually
3. Develop in embryos
4. Specialized parts
5. Move
6. Consume

1. Camaflauge
2. Defence mechanisms (horns, spines, chemicals, etc)
3. Warning coloration (red, yellow, orange, black, white)

• Type of body plan
• With/without head/brain
• Way food is digested/absorbed

Phylum:

Porifera

• Marine life
• Sessile (attached to surface)
• lack: tissue, guts, nerves, head
• asymmetry

1. Spiculues
2. Spongin

• Internal fertalization
• Hermaphrodites
• Produce free-swimming larva
• Become sessile

• Budding
• Fragmentation

• Water flows into sponge
• Collar cells ( filter feed from water)
• Water leaves through osculum (top opening)

Phylum:

Cnidaria

• Complex tissues
• Gastrovascular cavity (have gut)
• Nervous system made of nerve net (no head/brain)
• Radial symmetry

1. Medusa
2. Polyp

Phylum:

Platyhelminthes

• Turbellarians (free-living)
• Tapeworms (Parasitic)
• Flukes (Parasitic)

Planarians

[image]

• Tissues & interenal organs
• Thin flat bodies
• Acoelomates
• Cephalization with ganglia
• Bilateral symmetry

Sexual (Hermaphrodites, internal fertalization) or asexual (fission)

• Gut (one body opening)
• Free-living or parasitic

Phylum:

Nematoda

• Bilateral symmetry
• Ring of ganglia= simple brain
• Pseudocoelom
• Complete digestive tract (2 body openings)

• Simple digestive tract
• Some parasitic, some free-living

Phylum:

Mollusca

1. Gastropods (Stomach-footed)
2. Bivalves (two-shelled)
3. Cephalopods (brain-footed)

• Coelom
• Bilateral symmetry
• Complex body systems (other than cephalopods, open circulatory system)
• Ganglia (Cephalopods more complex)
• Soft bodies (usually shelled) 

1. Foot (movement)
2. Visceral mass (group of body organs)
3. Mantle (Membrane, secretes shell)
4. Shell (protects, kepps hydrated) 

• Complete digestive tract
• Radula
• Bivalves filter-feed
• Gastropods use radula
• Cephalopods use tentacles to capture, the radula

Phylum:

Annelida

1. Earthworms
2. Marine worms
3. Leeches

• Segmented bodies
• Coelom
• Bilateral symmetry
• Complex body systems
• Brain & ganglia

• Sexually (external fertilization, some hermaphrodites)
• Asexually (fragmentation)

• Filter feeders (marine worms)
• Scavengers (earthworms)
• Carnivores (Marine worms)
• Parasitic (leeches)

Phylum:

Arthropoda

• Myriapods (centipeds & millipeds)
• Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp & pillbugs)
• Aracnids (spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks)
• Insects (roaches, wasp, grasshopper & butterflies)
   

• Coelom & bilateral symmetry
• Jointed limbs - allow complex movements
• Segmented specialized bodies
• Exoskeleton (made of chitin)
• Head with well developed brain
• Open circulatory system 

• Sexual (land-internal, water-both)
• Few hermaphrodites

• incomplete (egg-->nymph-->adult)
• complete (egg-->larva-->pupa-->adults)
• inc nymph looks like adult
• c young look very different

• Grasshopper (aphids)
• Cockroaches

• Moths
• Butterflies
• Beetles

• Herbavores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites
• Mouth parts (proboscis- straw, mandibles- cutting/chewing)

Phylum:

Echinodermata

• Seastars (starfish)
• Sea urchin
• Sea cucumber

• All marine
• Spiny skin
• Endoskeleton
• Water vascular system used to move, eat, breathe, sense
• Simple nervous systems (no brain)
  Tube feet (movement, open bivalves)
• Adults (radial) & larva (bilateral) 

• Sesexual (external)
• Asexual (regeneration) 

• Capture plankton from water
• Seastars eat bivalves
• Sea urchins scrape algae
• Sand dollar & sea cucumbers eat ditrius (scavenge from bottom of sea)

Phylum:

Cordata

1. Corsal tubular nerve cord: nerves branch off and go to organs
2. Notochord: flexible, rod-like structure that extends the length of the body, replaced by bone/cartilage in most
3. Pharyngeal pouches: Paired structures found around pharynx, may become gills/tonsils
4. Tail that extends past anus

• Lack bone, keep notochord
• Ancestor of vertabrates
• Ex. tunicate, lancelet

• Vertabral column
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord --> spinal cord
• Endoskeleton made of living cells & grows organisms

• Org. that obtain their BT from environment
• Fish, amphibians, reptiles

• Org. that generate its BT internally by metabolism
• Birds & mammals

Class:

Fishia

• Aquatic vertabrates w/ water adaptions
• Consumers
• Closed circulatory system
• Well developed nervous system with complex brain
• Lateral line detects vibrations in water
• Sexual reproduction (internal/external fertilization)

1. Jawless
2. Cartilagenous
3. Bony

• Agnatha
• Lack jaws, scales, paired fins
• Skeleton of cartilage
• Ex. lampreys & hagfish

• Chondricthyes
• Cartilage skeletons
• Tooth-like scales
• Ex. sharks, rays & skates

• Osteicthyes
• Bone skeleton
• Stay afloat with swim bladder

1. Ray-finned (eels, herrings, trout, minnows)
2. Lobe-finned (lungfish, coelancanths- may have led to amphibians)

Class:

Amphibia

• Metamorphisis
• Larva- fish-like, aquatic, gills, fillter feeders/herbavores
• Adult- terrestrial, lungs & skin, carnivores
• Closed circulatory system
• Well developed nervous & sensory system
• External fert. (eggs w/o shell, laid in H₂O)

• Salemenders & newts
• Frogs & toads
• Caecilians

• Urodela
• Carnivorous (both stages)
• Long tail & bodies

• Anura
• Able to jump
• Adults lack tails

• Apoda
• Legless
• Live underground

• Australian
• Introduced to control beetles
• Invasive, outcompeting natives
• Predators, rapid breeders, poisonous, no natural enemies

Class:

Reptilia

• Adapted for life on land (dry scaly skin, lungs, leathery shells)
• Eat wide range of food
• Closed nervous system
• Complex nervous system (excellent vision & sense of smell, sensory organ on roof of mouth to detect chemicals, hearing= detecting vibrations)
• Int. fert.

• Lizards & snakes
• Alligators & crocodiles
• Turtles & tortoises

• Squamata
• Scaly

• Crocodilia
• Long broad snout & short legs

• Chelonia
• Shell built into skeleton

• Accidental arrival on Guam
• Millions of population:no natural predator, lots of prey
• Wiped out many bird species & other animals
• Cause power outages
• Severe reaction when small child is bitten

Class:

AVES

• Wings & 2 scaly legs
• Feathers
• Hollow, lightwieght bones
• Beaks lacking teeth & jaws (shape of beak determines food source)
• Well developed nevous/sensory systems
• int. fert.
• eggs must be kept warm
• Flight adaptations 

• Short & efficient dig. system
• Arodynamic feathers & wings
• Strong keel
• Rigid, lightweight muscles

1. Flightless
2. Water
3. Birds of prey
4. Perching

• Ostriches, kiwis, penguins, emus, etc.
• Fast-runners, no-fly-zone

• Cranes, ducks, geese, swans, pelicans, etc.
• Webbed feet (for swimming)

• Eagles, hawks, falcons, owls, etc.
• Sharp claws (talons); sharp, curved beak; good vision

• Robins, wrens, warblers, sparrows
• Auto-closing feet (lock in place)

Class:

MAMMILIA

• Hair
• Mammary glands (make milk)
• Spec. teeth (incisors, canines, [pre]molars) (diet controls teeth)
• Closed circulatory system
• Most highly developed brains
• Sexual reproduction
• Int. fert. 

1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental

• Oviparous
• Baby childs are highly undeveloped
• Ex. echidna, platypuses? platypi? platypeople?

• Viviparous
• baby childs not fully developed
• baby childs develop in mommy's belly pouch

• Viviparous
• Young develop in mommy's uterus
• Placenta allows exchange of nutrients, O₂ & H₂O between mommy & baby child
• Baby childs born fully developed