1. to assess the status of individuals entering a program.

2. to aid in prescribing or limiting activity of a certain individual.

3. to evaluate an individual's progress.

4.To increase individual motivation for entering and adhering to an exercise program.

5. to evaluate the success of a program in achieving its objectives.

1. Validity

2. Reliability

3. Objectivity

4. Accuracy

5. Norms

6. Economy

1. Were the sampling procedures for the construction of the norms based on a wide distribution of the poulation?

2. Was a large sample size used to construct the norms?

3. Are the norms being used for the specific groups for which they were prepared?

1. the skeleton

2. muscle

3. fat

Endomorphy

Mesomorphy

Ectomorphy

1. important for health

2.esablish reasonable fattness ranges for athletes in different sports.

3.developing sound weight reduction programs

4.knowledge of bone mineral content in women and children.

5. moniter changes in body composition in regards to disease.

fat that is required for normal physiological functioning

ie. synthesis of hormones, transport of fat soluble vitamins

endocrine

leptin

1. energy intake exceeding expenditure (human body built for scarcity, not abundencce)

2. Decreased physical activity

3. increased consumption of calories

4. social enviornment

5. Biology (genetics)

6. viruses

Direct method- chemical anylysis of human cadavers

Indirect Method- noninvasive techniques on living persons

1. do not consider body composition

2. tables come from white, middle-class us adults age 25-59

3. No method for determining frame size

1. underwater weighing

2. air-displacement plethysmolography

1. the human body has two compartments (fat and non-fat)

2. Each has densities which are known constants (fat 0.9g/mol and non-fat 1.1g/mol)

1. use the sum relative to others, comparing before and after

2. fatfolds inconjunction with equations compared to tables

1. constant densities

2. proper identification of measurnment site and proper technique.

3. constant compressibility of the skin

4. fixed adipose tissue patterning

5. fixed proportion of internal and external fat

1. population specific equations .example -Yuhasz

2. Generalized equations .example Jackson and pollock

1. dual x-ray absorptiometry

2. Total body water - hydrometry

3. Ultrasound

4. MRI magnetic resonance imaging

5. CT Computerized tomography

6. Total body potassium

1. Neonatal Period (birth-4months)

2. Infancy ( -two years)

3. Childhood (-puberty)

4. Adolescence ( -17/18)

5. Adulthood

Peak height velocity in boys?

girls?

13.5

11.5

17/18

14/15

plus or minus 2 years

12.8-13

when peak height velocity begans to decline

1. Genetic control

2. nutrition

3. secular trends

4. season and climate

1. skeletal muscle

2. smooth muscle

3. cardiac muscle

1. shape

2. Action

3. location

4. Divisions

5. size

6. direction

1. Unipennate-

2. Bipennate-

3. Multipennate-

4. Longitudinal-

5. Radiate-

1. Unipennate- all fasciculi insert on one side of a tendon

2. Bipennate-Fasciculi insert on both sides of tendon

3. Multipennate-convergence of several tendons

4. Longitudinal-fasciculi run parallel alon muscle

5. Radiate- fibers fan out from a single attachment

1. Prime mover-

2. antagonist-

3. Fixators/stabilizers- 

1. Prime mover- muscle whos contraction is primarily responsible for a particular movement

2. antagonist-muscle that oppose another upon contraction

3. Fixators/stabilizers- muscles that immobilize a bone or joint near the origin of the prime mover

Orgin-

Insertion-

Belly-

Orgin- less movable end of a muscle, ussually proximal

Insertion-more movable end of muscle, usually distal

Belly-widest portion of a muscle

endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

surrounding muscle fibers, bundles of muscle fibers, and whole muscles

SO-

FOG-

FG-

SO- slow oxidative type 1

FOG-fast oxidative glycolytic type 2a

FG-fast glycolytic type 2b

1. Multiple Motor Unit Summation- activating more motor units

2. Frequency or wave summation- the rate at which signals are passed down the axon.

1. isometric

2. concentric

3. eccentric

1. speed of shortening

2. the initial length

3. the angle of pull

• improvement of sports skills
• Design of sports equipment
• prevention of injury
• clinical analysis of movemnt pathologies
• Design of prostheses
• design of rehab devices

Qualitative analysis-

Quantitative analysis-

a non-numerical description

a numarically based analysis

1. reaction board method

2. Segmental method

1. Law of Inertia

2. Law of acceleration

3. Law of reaction

1. One repitition maximum

2. Dynamometer technique

1. Standardized instructions
2. Warmup of uniform duration and intensity
3. angle of measurnment is the same
4. specificity
5. safety

• initial length
• The angle of pull
• The speed of shortening
   

Hypertrophy-

hyperplasia-

Hypertrophy- an increase in the size of the cells

hyperplasia- an increase in the number of cells

• Provides supporting framework
• provides attachment points for muscles creating levers
• provides protection
• blood cell formation
• Mineral storage- calcium and phosphorus 

• calcium carbonate
• calcium phosphate
• collagen fibers
• water 

• Long bones
• Short bones 
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones

• cervical (7)
• thoracic (12)
• lumbar (5)
• sacral (5)
• coccygeal (4) 

1. Fibrous joint- immovable
2. Cartilaginous joint- slightly movable 
3. Synovial joint- freely movable

Scoliosis-

Kyphosis-

Lordosis-

Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature

Kyphosis- exagerated posterior thoracic curve

Lordosis- exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

Synovial fluid has two (2) functions:

1. Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over eachother during joint movement
2. supplies nutrients to, and removes waste products from the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply 

fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

Frontal plane-

Saggital plane-

Transverse plane-

Frontal plane- divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Saggital plane- divides body into right and left sides

Transverse plane- divides body into superior and inferior portions

1. flexion, extension
2. abduction, adduction
3. ratation- inwards (medial); outwards (lateral)
4. Supination, pronation
5. elevation, depression
6. plantar flexion, dorsiflexion 

1. sprain
2. dislocation
3. subluxation
4. bursitis
5. arthritis 

1. Bony sturcture of the joint
2. ligaments
3. joint capsules
4. muscle tendon unit (major focus of stretching is to elongate this tissue)