O: sternal head - top of manubrium

clavicular head - medial one-third of the clavicle

I: mastoid process of the temporal bone, lateral superior nuchal line of the occiput

A: laterally flexes the head to the same side

rotates the head to the opposite side

flexes the neck

assists in inhalation

O: transverse processes of the third to sixth cervical vertebrae (anterior tubercles)

I: first rib

A: elevates the ribs during inhalation

flexes the neck

with ribs fixed, laterally flexes the neck to the same side

rotates the head and neck to the opposite side

O: transverse processes of 2nd-7th cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles)

I: first rib

A: elevates the ribs during inhalation

with ribs fixed, laterally flexes the neck to the same side

rotates head and neck to the opposite side

O: transverse processes of 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercle)

I: second rib

A: elevates the ribs during inhalation

with ribs fixed, laterally flexes the neck to the same side

rotates head and neck to the opposite side

O: zygomatic arch

I: angle and ramus of mandible

A: elevates the mandible

O: temporal fossa and fascia

I: coronoid process of the mandible

A: elevates the mandible

retracts the mandible

O: galea aponeurosis

I: frontalis - skin over the eyebrows

occipitalis - superior nuchal line of the occiput

A: frontalis - raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead

occipitalis - anchors and retracts the galea posteriorly

O: common tendon (thoracolumbar aponeurosis) that attaches to the posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of the lumbar, and last two thoracic vertebrae

I: various attachments at the posterior ribs, spinous and transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and mastoid process of temporal bone

A: extends the vertebral column

laterally flexes the vertebral column to the same side

O: spinous processes of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae

I: spinous processes of upper thoracic, spinous processes of cervicals, except C-1

A: extends the vertebral column

laterally flexes vertebral column to the same side

O: common tendon, transverse processes of the upper five thoracic vertebrae

I: lower nine ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, transverse processes of cervical vertebrae, mastoid process of temporal bone

A: extends the vertebral column

laterally flexes the vertebral column to the same side

O: common tendon, posterior surfaces of all ribs

I: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-3 and posterior surfaces of ribs 6-12, posterior surface of ribs 1-6, transverse processes of lower cervicals

A: extends the vertebral column

laterally flexes vertebral column to the same side

O: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C-7 to T-3

I: mastoid process, lateral nuchal line

A: rotates the head to the same side

laterally flees the head and neck

extends the head and neck

O: spinous processes of T-3 to T-6

I: transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae

A: rotates head to the same side

laterally flexes the head and neck

extends the head and neck

O: posterior iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament

I: last rib, transverse processes of 1st-4th lumbar vertebrae

A: elevates the hip

laterally flexes the vertebral column

assists to extend the vertebral column

fixes the last rib during respiration

O: pubic crest, pubic symphysis

I: cartilage of fifth, sixth and seventh ribs and xiphoid process

A: flexes the vertebral column

O: lower eight ribs

I: anterior part of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

A: flexes the vertebral column

compresses the abdominal contents

laterally flexes vertebral column to the same side

rotates vertebral column to the opposite side

O: lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

I: cartilage of bottom three ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

A: flexes the vertebral column

compresses abdominal contents

laterally flexes vertebral column to the same side

rotates vertebral column to same side

O: lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, cartilage of lower six ribs

I: abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

A: compresses abdominal contents

O: costal - inner surface of lower six ribs

lumbar - upper two or three lumbar vertebrae

sternal - inner part of xiphoid process

I: central tendon

A: draws down the central tendon of diaphragm

increases the volume of thoracic cavity

O: inferior border of the rib above

I: superior border of the rib below

A: draw the ventral part of the ribs upward, increasing the space of the thoracic cavity

O: inferior border of the rib above

I: superior border of the rib below

A: draw the ventral part of the ribs downward, decreasing the space of the thoracic cavity

O: lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

I: deltoid tuberosity

A: abducts the shoulder

flexes the shoulder

medially rotates the shoulder

horizontally adducts the shoulder

extends the shoulder

laterally rotates the shoulder

horizontally abducts the shoulder

O: spinous processes of the last six thoracic vertebrae, last three or four ribs, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, sacral crest and posterior iliac crest

I: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus

A: extends the shoulder

adducts the shoulder

medially rotates the shoulder

horizontally abducts the shoulder

O: lateral side of inferior angle and lower half of lateral border of scapula

I: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus

A: extends the shoulder

adducts the shoulder

medially rotates the shoulder

horizontal abducts the shoulder

O: medial half or 2/3 of clavicle, sternum, cartilage of first through sixth rib, aponeurosis of external oblique

I: crest of greater tubercle of humerus

A: adducts the shoulder

medially rotates the shoulder

may assist in elevating the thorax in forced inhalation (if arm is fixed)

flexes the shoulder

horizontally adducts the shoulder

extends the shoulder

O: tip of coracoid process of scapula

I: medial surface of mid-humeral shaft

A: flexes the shoulder

adducts the shoulder

horizontally adducts the shoulder

O: external occipital protuberance, medial portion of superior nuchal line of occiput, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of C-7 through T-12

I: lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

A: extends the head and neck

laterally flexes the head and neck to the same side

rotates the head and neck to the opposite side

elevates the scapula

upwardly rotates the scapula

adducts the scapula

stabilizes the scapula

depresses the scapula

adducts scapula

O: supraspinous fossa

I: greater tubercle of humerus

A: abducts the shoulder

stabilizes the head of the humerus

O: infraspinous fossa of scapula

I: greater tubercle of humerus

A: laterally rotates the shoulder

adducts the shoulder

extends the shoulder

horizontally abducts the shoulder

stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity

O: superior half of lateral border of scapula

I: greater tubercle of humerus

A: laterally rotates the shoulder

adducts the shoulder

extends the shoulder

horizontally abducts the shoulder

stabilizes the head of humerus in glenoid cavity

O: subscapular fossa of the scapula

I: lesser tubercle of the humerus

A: medially rotates the shoulder

stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity

horizontally abducts the shoulder

extends shoulder from fully flexed position

adducts the shoulder (to 90*)

O: spinous processes of T-2 to T-5

I: medial border of the scapula between spine of scapula and inferior angle

A: adducts the scapula

elevates the scapula

downwardly rotates the scapula

O: spinous processes of C-7 and T-1

I: upper portion of medial border of the scapula, across from spine of scapula

A: adducts the scapula

elevates the scapula

downwardly rotates the scapula

O: transverse processes of first through fourth cervical vertebrae

I: medial border and superior angle of scapula

A: elevates the scapula

downwardly rotates the scapula

laterally flexes the head and neck

rotates the head and neck to the same side

extends the head and neck

O: distal half of anterior surface of humerus

I: tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna

A: flexes the elbow

O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

I: styloid process of radius

A: flexes the elbow

assists in pronation and supination of the forearm when these movements are resisted

O: medial epicondyle of humerus, common flexor tendon, and coronoid process of ulna

I: middle of lateral surface of radius

A: pronates the forearm

assists in flexion of elbow

O: medial, anterior surface of distal ulna

I: lateral, anterior surface of distal radius

A: pronates the forearm

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral ligament and annular ligament

I: lateral surface of proximal shaft of radius

A: supinates the forearm

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

I: olecranon process and lateral edge of ulnar shaft

A: extends the elbow

O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

I: base of second metacarpal

A: extends the wrist

abducts the wrist

assists the flexion of elbow

O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

I: base of third metacarpal

A: extends the wrist

abducts the wrist

assists in flexion of elbow

O: common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus

I: middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth fingers

A: extends the second through fifth fingers

assists in extension of wrist

O: common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus

I: base of fifth metacarpal

A: extends the wrist

adducts the wrist

O: common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle

I: base of second and third metacarpal

A: flexes the wrist

abducts the wrist

flexes the elbow

O: common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle

I: flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

A: tenses the palmar fascia

flexes the wrist

flexes the elbow

O: common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle

I: pisiform

A: flexes the wrist

adducts the wrist

may flex the elbow

O: common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of ulna and radial shaft

I: by four tendons into sides of middle phalanges of second through fifth fingers

A: flexes the second through fifth fingers

flexes the wrist

O: anterior surface of radius, deep to flexors

I: distal phalange of thumb

A: flexes the thumb at the interphalangeal joint

assists in flexing the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints

O: posterior surface of middle one-third of ulna

I: distal phalange of thumb

A: extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint

assists in extending the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints

O: anterior inferior iliac spine

I: tibial tuberosity

A: extends the knee

flexes the hip

O: external surface of the ilium between iliac crest and posterior and anterior gluteal lines

I: greater trochanter

A: abducts the hip

flexes the hip

extends the hip

may medially rotate and laterally rotate the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

laterally tilts the hip

O: coccyx, posterior sacrum, posterior iliac crest, sacrotuberous and sacroiliac ligaments

I: gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract

A: extends the hip

laterally rotates the hip

abducts the hip

adducts the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

O: bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

I: lesser trochanter of the femur

A: flexes the hip

laterally rotates the hip

adducts the hip

anteriorly tilts the hip

laterally tilts the hip

rotational tork

O: anterior surface of sacrum

I: greater trochanter

A: laterally rotates the hip

abducts the thigh when the hip is flexed

O: external surface of the ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

I: anterior border of greater trochanter

A: abducts the hip

medially rotates the hip

flexes the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

O: ischial tuberosity

I: proximal, medial shaft of the tibia at pes anserinus tendon

A: flexes the knee

extends the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

medially rotates the hip

medially rotates the flexed knee

O: ischial tuberosity

I: posterior aspect of medial condyle of tibia

A: flexes the knee

extends the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

medially rotates the hip

medially rotates the flexed knee

O: long head - ischial tuberosity

short head - lateral lip of the linea aspera

I: head of the fibula

A: flexes the knee

extends the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

laterally rotates the hip

laterally rotates the flexed knee

O: inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium

I: proximal, medial shaft of tibia at pes anserinus tendon

A: adducts the hip

medially rotates the hip

flexes and medially rotates the knee

laterally tilts the hip

anterior tilts the hip

O: iliac fossa

I: lesser trochanter of the femur

A: flexes the hip

laterally rotates the hip

adducts the hip

laterally tilts the hip

anteriorly tilts the hip

O: anterior and lateral shaft of the femur

I: tibial tuberosity

A: extends the knee

O: lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity

I: tibial tuberosity

A: extends the knee

O: medial lip of linea aspera

I: tibial tuberosity

A: extends the knee

O: anterior superior iliac spine

I: proximal, medial shaft of tibia at pes anserinus tendon

A: flexes the hip

laterally rotates the hip

abducts the hip

flexes the knee

medially rotates the flexed knee

O: pubic tubercle

I: medial lip of linea aspera

A: adducts the hip

medially rotates the hip

assists to flex the hip

anteriorly tilts the hip

laterally tilts the hip

O: inferior ramus of pubis

I: pectineal line and medial lip of linea aspera

A: adducts the hip

medially rotates the hip

assists to flex the hip

laterally tilts the hip

anteriorly tilts the hip

O: inferior ramus of the pubis, ramus of ishium, and ischial tuberosity

I: linea aspera and adductor tubercle

A: adducts the hip

medially rotates the hip

assists to flex the hip

extends the hip

posteriorly tilts the hip

laterally tilts the hip

O: superior ramus of pubis

I: pectineal line of femur

A: adducts the hip

medially rotates the hip

assists to flex the hip

laterally tilts the hip

anteriorly tilts the hip

O: iliac crest, posterior to the ASIS

I: iliotibial tract

A: flexes the hip

medially rotates the hip

abducts the hip

anteriorly tilts the hip

laterally tilts the hip

tenses fascia

O: lateral border of ischial tuberosity

I: posterior surface of femur, between the greater and lesser trochanter

A: laterally rotates the hip

O: spine of ischium

I: upper border of greater trochanter

A: laterally rotates the hip

O: superior and inferior rami of pubis

I: trochanteric fossa of femur

A: laterally rotates the hip

O: ischial tuberosity

I: upper border of greater trochanter

A: laterally rotates the hip

O: obturator membrane and pelvic surface

I: medial surface of greater trochanter

A: laterally rotates the hip

O: posterior condyles of the femur

I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A: flexes the knee

plantar flexes the ankle

O: soleal line and posterior surface of tibia and proximal, posterior surface of fibula

I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A: plantar flexes the ankle

O: proximal two-thirds of lateral fibula

I: base of the first metatarsal, medial cuneiform

A: everts the foot

assists in plantar flexion of the ankle

O: lateral condyle of tibia, proximal lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane

I: medial cuneiform, base of the first metatarsal

A: inverts the foot

dorsiflexes the ankle

O: lateral condyle of tibia, proximal anterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane

I: middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

A: extends the second through fifth toes

dorsiflexes the ankle

everts the foot

O: lateral condyle of the femur

I: proximal, posterior aspect of tibia

A: medially rotates the flexed knee

flexes the knee

O: lateral epicondyle of femur

I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A: weak plantar flexion of the ankle

O: distal two-thirds of lateral fibula

I: tuberosity of fifth metatarsal

A: everts the foot

assists in plantar flexion of the ankle

O: middle anterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane

I: distal phalange of first toe

A: extends the first toe

dorsiflexes the ankle

inverts the foot

O: proximal posterior shaft of tibia, proximal fibula, interosseous membrane

I: navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, bases of second through fourth metatarsals

A: inverts the foot

plantar flexes the ankle

O: middle posterior surface of tibia

I: distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

A: flexes the second through fifth toes

weak plantar flexion of ankle

inverts foot

O: middle half of posterior fibula

I: distal phalanx of first toe

A: flexes the first toe

weak plantar flecion of ankle

inverts the foot

O: surfaces of upper eight or nine ribs

I: anterior surface of medial border of scapula

A: abducts the scapula

depresses the scapula

holds medial border of scapula against the rib cage

upwardly rotates the scapula

may act in forced inhalation

O: third, fourth and fifth ribs

I: coracoid process of scapula

A: depresses the scapula

abducts the scapula

tilts the scapula anteriorly

assists in forced inhalation

downwardly rotates the scapula (mostly isometric)

O: short head - coracoid process of scapula

long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

I: tuberosity of the radius and aponeurosis of the biceps brachii

A: flexes the elbow

supinates the forearm

flexes the shoulder

O: long head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

lateral head - posterior surface of proximal half of humerus

medial head - posterior surface of distal half of humerus

I: olecranon process of ulna

A: extends the elbow

extends the shoulder

adducts the shoulder