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| study of forces causing movement |
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| away from body, toward pinky finger |
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| what covers bone except for ends (metaphysis)? |
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| peristeum (membrance) nerves, blood vessels for nourishment, growth & repair |
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| inside shaft of bone is the..... |
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Definition
| medullary canal (hollow passage) |
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| difference betw compact and cancellous bones? |
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| compact are hard, dense outer shell (skull); cancellous are pourous & spongy, lots of marrow so lighter (vertebrae) |
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| what is epiphysis of bone? |
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| top & bottom ends; where growth occurs - in the epiphysis plate (p 15 pic) |
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| what is the flared out part and end of the diaphysis called? |
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| metaphysis - mainly cancellous bone & supports the epiphysis |
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| example of sesamoid bone is |
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| What is Wolff's Law of bones? |
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| density higher in areas of higher stress and vice versa. |
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Definition
long - femur, humerus
short - cube - carpals, tarsals
flat-thin, curved - scapula
irregular-sacrum, vert |
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| what do osteoblasts do in bones? |
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| synovial joint components: |
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capsule filled w/synovial fluid
free motion! knee, hip, elbow |
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| assessment when slight pressure applied at end of joint's passive ROM |
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| hard, abrupt limit at end of ROM is... |
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Definition
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| slight give when joint taken to end of ROM is _______ |
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Definition
| soft tissue stretch (hip, knee, ankle) |
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| when muscle bulk is compressed, action stopped is what kind of end feel? |
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| soft end/tissue approx (big-armed people) elbow flexion |
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| what are abnormal end feels? |
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| bony (early stop), spongy(wet sponge/spr ank, spasm, empty(pain), springy block (rebound/torn cartlg) |
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| what does osteokinematic motion a study of? |
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Definition
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| what does arthrokinematic motion look at? |
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| joint SURFACE motion (slide, glide) |
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| sellar/saddle joint example |
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| a CONCAVE joint surface with move on a fixed CONVEX surface in the .... |
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| same direction the body segment is moving |
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| open/loose packed position is: |
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Definition
least congruency & stability
joint separation; capsule, ligaments not taut high occur: sprain/strains |
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| close packed position is: |
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high congruency & stability
joint compression; capsule, ligaments taut |
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| what is the excursion of a muscle? |
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Definition
| distance from max elongation to max shortening |
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attachments move farther apart
occurs with gravity
deceleration/lowering |
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| open chain activity means |
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Definition
| distal segment can move while proximal segment is stationary (extend knee while seated. nothing else on leg moves) |
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| a closed chain activity is when you move one segment and the other segments _____ |
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Definition
| move too. (rise fr sit to stand, knees ext causing ank & hips support weight) |
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| What term for muscle contract until it cant contract farther even more ROM is possible? |
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Definition
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| wheelchair pushups: open or closed chain activity |
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Definition
| closed. legs (distal segment) are fixed; proximal segment (arms) move |
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| what is all-or-none law of skeletal muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| muscle fiber is capable of maximum contraction or no contraction at all |
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| when two or more forces act in different directions & result is turning effect, what is this? |
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| fource couple (rotate scapula by pulling upper & lower trap) |
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| what helps person exact greater force than muscle alone? |
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| increase in force usually at expense of speed is what? |
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| mechanical advantage (crow bar, golf club) |
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| the ____ the force is from the axis (att. to bone) the ____ it is to move a load (resistance) |
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farther, easier
FA - longer it is means farther fr axis, easier to move |
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| example of a second class lever is |
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| standing on tiptoes, wheel barrow. put load closer to axis (wheel), easier to move |
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Definition
______F__R___
A
boat tied to dock ex. push fr farther away fr axis/dock, boat may not move as far but it will be easier to move. |
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| what is most common lever? |
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Definition
3rd level advantage: speed, distance
ex: elbow, hand, wrist - speed
ex: biceps - distance |
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| describe slow twitch muscles |
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Definition
slow but steady endurance
red
ex: cardiac muscle |
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white
fast but fatigue easily
type II |
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| diff between aerobic & anaerobic activity? |
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aerobic: get energy fr stores fats, carbs. Prolonged energy
anaerobic: get from blood. short, brief, intense. |
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| tropomyosin & troponin are regulator proteins that do what? |
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Definition
| prevent actin & myosin from combining in muscle fibers (myofilaments) |
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Definition
| helps neturalize tropmyosin and trhoponin so filaments can slide, release energy & contract muscle. |
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| what causes a muscle to contract? SHE does |
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Definition
Signal from motor nerve
Hormones
Electrical activity |
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| put on isotoner gloves to flex muscle (shorten it) to lift load |
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| what is asynchronous muscle activity? |
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Definition
| some motor units firing while others relax. when contract at same time (sustain prolonged contr) ex. postural muscles |
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