Term
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Definition
| study of motion without regard to the effect of the forces that cause the motion to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of forces that cause motion |
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Term
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Definition
| internal resistance force on external forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific combination of muscle produced force and moments. The sum of all neuromuscloskeletal events to achieve goal. Change of limb in space and time. |
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Term
| How does human movement occur? |
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Definition
| Microscopic --> Macroscopic. Microscopic on the cellular and subcellular. Macro - neurons, muscular, skeletal systems. Final common pathway. |
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Term
| What mechanical elements influence or reflect outcomes of human movement? |
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Definition
1) Muscle activation magnitude and timing.
2) Stress amd strain of biological tissue structures.
3) Kinetic variables (foot floor contact, joint, work, force)
4) Kinematic variables (velocity, acceleration, rotation of joints) |
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Term
| What is it that we try to achieve through physical therapy? |
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Definition
| Optimum movement function and prevent muscle fatigue. |
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Term
| What is movement function? |
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Definition
| Combination of muscle forces, CNS control mechanisms, energy into metabolic energy. ME into KE. |
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Term
| What is movement dysfunction? |
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Definition
| Decreased performance of movement. Goals not achieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| modulation and transmission for mobility and stability |
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Term
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Definition
muscle's resistance to stretch;
active contraction |
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Term
| Close packed position of joint |
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Definition
1) noncontractile structures (ligaments and joint capsules) are taut
2) demand on muscles for stability |
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Term
| Loose packed position of joint |
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Definition
1) noncontractile structures (ligaments and joint capsules) are lax
2) demand on muscles for stability |
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Term
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Definition
| fine and gross motor skills |
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Term
| What are myofibrils and what are they composed of? |
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Definition
| Myofibrils are contractile structures made of sarcomeres. |
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Term
| Sarcomeres functions and composition |
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Definition
| Functional unit of contraction made up of contractile filaments called myofilaments. Actin are thin and myosin are thick. Also made from titin, desmin, and nebulin. |
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Term
| Structures for cell metabolism |
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Definition
| Ribosomes, glycogen, and mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 connective tissues surrounding muscle |
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Definition
1) epimysium surrounds entire muscle
2) perimysium surrounds the fascicle
3) endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers
All interweave and contribute to tendon |
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Term
| Parallel elastic component |
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Definition
tissues lengthen/shorten with muscle
all 3 tissues contribute to passive elastic component
intercellular proteins, sarcolemma also |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendon - tension applied when muscle shortens |
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Term
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Definition
Pennation is 0 degrees
Parallel to the muscle's force generating axis and to each other
Strap or fusiform
All force generated by the muscle is through the tendon and joint
Ex. sartorius, biceps |
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Term
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Definition
Fibers are angled like a feather
Angled fibers reduce force
Large PCSA
Makes up reduction in force by dense packing of fibers
Uni, bi, and multipennate |
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Term
| Anatomical cross sectional area (ACSA) |
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Definition
| Cross sectional area of muscle at widest point and perpendicular to muscle belly |
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Term
| Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) |
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Definition
sum of cross-sectional area of muscle fibers within the muscle
Directly proportional to the max force potential of a muscle |
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Term
Muscle with Parallel fibers
ACSA < = > PCSA?? |
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Definition
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Term
Muscle with pennate
ACSA < = > PCSA?? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain sliding filament hypothesis/cross bridge cycle |
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Definition
Myosin head attaches to actin filament - crossbridge
Formation, breaking, and re-formation of crossbridge pull the actin along the myosin
Force generated is a function of the number of crossbridge/actin attachments |
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Term
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Definition
1) Release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
2)Ca2+ binds to troponin causing conformational change to thin filaments.
3)Myosin heads bind to actin
4) Power stroke (ADP and P disassociate from myosin)
5)ATP binds to myosin head
6) Thin filament return to relaxed state |
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Term
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Definition
More sarcomeres = longer fiber = greater excursion
Quads: large PCSA, short fibers
= generate large forces
Hamstrings: med. PCSA and long fibers
= large excursion |
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