Term
| Biaxial condyloid (modified hinge) joint |
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Definition
| Name the Tibiofemoral joint type. |
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Term
| MCL,LCL, Oblique Popliteal Ligament and Arcuate Popliteal Ligament |
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Definition
| Name the 4 extra-articular ligaments supporting/stabilizing the Tibiofemoral joint. |
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Term
| medial femoral condyle to tibia |
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Definition
| Name the attachments of the MCL |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the extra-articular supporting ligament of the tibiofemoral joint that attaches to the meniscus and does it attach to the lateral or medial meniscus. |
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Term
| Lateral femoral epicondyle to head of fibula |
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Definition
| Name the attachments of the LCL |
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Term
|
Definition
| The oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion of the tendon of which muscle. |
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Term
| oblique popliteal ligament |
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Definition
| The ? ligament reinforces the posterior medial aspect of the knee's joint capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The oblique popliteal ligament reinforces the ? aspect of the knee's joint capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ACL limits ? movement of the tibia with respect to the femur and ? movement of the femur with respect to tibia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The PCL limits ? movement of the femur on the tibia and ? movement of the tibia on the femur. |
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Term
| PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament) |
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Definition
| Between the ACL and PCL which is the stronger and shorter of the two. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Between the ACL and PCL which limits hyperextension? |
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Term
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Definition
| True/False: The ACL and PCL both limit extreme rotation, valgus and varus at the knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| The menisci are crescent/wedge shaped disks made of ? that deepen the tibial plateau with the (?lateral or medial?) being the larger. |
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Term
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Definition
| The meniscus nearly ? in size the area of joint contact which greatly reduces pressure per unit of area on articular cartilage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What part of the meniscus is vascular and innervated. |
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Term
| Quads & Semimembranosus/Popliteus |
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Definition
| Name the 2 muscles that attach to both menisci and the 1 muscle that attaches to the lateral meniscus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The medial meniscus has an ? shape with its external border attaching to the deep surface of the ? ligament and adjacent capsule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lateral meniscus has more of a ? shape. |
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Term
| Medial/angle of inclination |
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Definition
| Which condyle of the femur is longer allowing the 2 condyles to be level despite the ? of the femur. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the angle of inclination at the hip is normal, then there is a slight ? angle at the knee called ____? |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Genu Valgus is ____ degrees while greater than ____ degrees is abnormal/excessive and commonly called knock kneed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genu Varus occurs when the medial angulation of the femur is ? commonly called bow legged. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lateral condyle of the femur projects more ? than the medial condyle to prevent lateral movement of the ? |
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Term
| 120-150%. more deep. The more shallow it is the less stability it offers the patella. |
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Definition
| The normal depth of the intercondylar groove is ___ degrees. In order to offer more stability to the patella should the groove be more shallow or more deep? |
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Term
|
Definition
| True/False: There are no true bony limitations to flexion/extension of the knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperextension of the knee is called ? |
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Term
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Definition
| A fully extended knee is in its (? open or closed?) packed position. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When the muscle attached to the apophysis is excessively tight or overworked, it can put increased tension and stress on the apophysis, which results in irritation and inflammation, a condition called ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| This disease is irritation and inflammation of the growth plate (apophysis) at the top of the shin bone (tibial tubercle), where the patella tendon inserts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most knee ligament and capsule sprains are due to forceful, excessive (? Valgus or Varus?) and ? at the knee. |
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Term
| ACL, MCL and Medial Meniscus. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| With Meniscal injury damage occurs more (? medial or lateral?) due to forceful rotation on a flexed and WB knee. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a meniscus is damaged swelling occurs not from meniscus bleeding but from ____ released that irritate the synovial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The posterior knee joint capsule and ? muscle make up the floor (anterior) border of the popliteal fossa. |
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Term
| Sciatic Nerve, Popliteal Vein & Artery |
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Definition
| Name the contents of the popliteal fossa |
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Term
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Definition
| The popliteal artery is a continuation of ? artery. |
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Term
| Popliteus and Biceps Femoris short head |
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Definition
| Name 2 muscles at the thigh and knee region that do not cross two joints. |
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Term
| quad and patellar tendons |
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Definition
| The compressive forces between the patella and trochlear groove are due to the pull of these 2 tendons. |
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Term
| Vastus Medialis (especially VMO) |
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Definition
| The pull of this muscle prevents excessive lateral patellar movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pull of this muscle prevents excessive medial patellar movement. |
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Term
| Medial & Lateral Retinacular/Patellotibial ligaments. |
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Definition
| Anterior thickenings of capsule that extend from inferior border of patella distally to tibia on each side of patellar tendon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The compressive forces between the patella and femur can be ____ times body weight on stairs and _____ times body weight with deep squatting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dislocation or subluxation of the patella often occurs (? medially or laterally?). |
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Term
| Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis. |
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Definition
| Dislocations of the patella often occur because the pull of one particular muscle is greater than the pull of another particular muscle. Name the 2 muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compressive forces on the patellofemoral joint increase with the combined pull of the quads and patellar tendon increasing especially if (? flexion or extension?) occurs in conjunction with ? |
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Term
| posterior/intercondylar groove |
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Definition
| The patellofemoral joint is an articulation of the ? surface of the patella and the ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Patellofemoral joint is a ? joint (name the type). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The patella glides ? during knee flexion and ? during knee extension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The function of the patella is to increase the ? of the quads by increasing the distance of the quadriceps tendon from the ? of the knee joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the patella can cause decrease in quadriceps strength/torque of up to ____% or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| The patella is more freely mobile when the knee is ? and the patella is largely superior to the ? |
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Term
| False (It UNlocks the knee) |
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Definition
| True/False: The popliteus is involved in locking the knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| The politeus is called the key to the knee because it (? locks or unlocks?) the knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Q angle is formed by the intersection of two lines made by the line of pull of the ? and the line of pull of the ? |
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Term
| ASIS/midpoint of the patella |
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Definition
| The line of pull of the quads is a line from the ? to the ? |
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Term
| Tibial Tuberosity/Midpoint of the patella |
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Definition
| The line of pull of the patella tendon is a line from the ? to the ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the normal Q angle: _____ degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive Q angle is more common in (?Males or Females?) and can result in excessive (?Lateral or Medial?) patellar tracking. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The shaft of the tibia twists (? medially or laterally?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The proximal tibfib joint is what type of joint? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The proximal tibfib joint is from articulation of the head of the fibula with ? aspect of the proximal tibia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| There is no bony contact between the fibula and tibia at the (?proximal or distal?) tibfib joint. |
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Term
| Fibrous joint (syndesmosis) |
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Definition
| The distal tibfib joint is known as this type of joint. |
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Term
| Crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament |
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Definition
| Name the strongest and most important ligament that runs between the tibia and fibula and maintains proximity of these two bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Name the membrane that supports both proximal and distal tibfib joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subtle superior and inferior sliding movement of the ? occurs during plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion occur in what plane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abduction and Adduction of the ankle-foot occur in this plane which is atypical for this movement. |
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Term
| Varus & Valgus/Frontal Plane |
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Definition
| Inversion and Eversion (also called ? and ?) occurs in this plane. |
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Term
| Dorsiflexion, Abduction, and Eversion |
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Definition
| In an open kinematic chain pronation includes these 3 elements of movement. |
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Term
plantarflexion, adduction and inversion
(PIAD Sup) |
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Definition
| In an open kinematic chain supination includes these 3 elements of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| (?Pronation or supination?) flattens the arch, creates a loose, mobile foot and will functionally (?shorten or lengthen?) the leg. |
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Term
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Definition
| (?Pronation or Supination?) raises the arches, creates a firm, rigid foot and will functionally (?shorten or lengthen?) the leg. |
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|
Term
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Definition
| The talocrural (ankle) joint is essentially a ? joint. |
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|
Term
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Definition
| Name the ligaments that support the talocrural (ankle) joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Deltoid ligaments support the ? joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deltoid ligament supports the (?lateral or medial?) side of the ankle and limit (?eversion or inversion?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forces acting to open the medial side of the ankle may actually fracture (avulse) the ? before the deltoid ligament tears. |
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Term
| Posterior Talofibular ligament |
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Definition
| Name the strongest ligament supporting the talocrural (ankle) joint. |
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Term
| Anterior Talofibular ligament |
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Definition
| Name the weakest of the ligaments supporting the talocrural (ankle) joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| In an open chain movement of the talocrural joint the rule of moving ? surfaces applies. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a closed chain movement of the talocrural joint the rule of moving ? surfaces applies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The closed packed position of the talocrural joint is ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The subtalar joint consists of 3 articulations (anterior, middle and posterior) between the ? and ? bones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The subtalar joint consists of ? joint capsules. |
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Term
| Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament |
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Definition
| The primary ligamentous support to the subtalar joint is the ? ligament. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The subtalar joint is a ? joint. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This joint divides the hindfoot and the midfoot. |
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Term
| midtarsal/ Talonavicular joint and Calcaneocuboid joint |
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Definition
| The transverse tarsal joint (aka the ? joint) is a combination of two joints: name the two joints. |
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Term
| Calcaneonavicular ligament |
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Definition
| The talonavicular joint is reinforced inferiorly by the ? ligament. |
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Term
| calcaneonavicular ligament |
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Definition
| The spring ligament is the common name for the ? ligament |
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Term
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Definition
| The spring ligament is attached to the (?inferior or superior?) aspect of the calcaneus and navicular bones and its middle portion supports the head of the ? bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The longitudinal arch of the foot is supported by the ? ligament. |
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Term
| long and short plantar ligaments |
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Definition
| The calcaneocuboid joint is supported by the ? and ? ligaments. |
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Term
| Calcaneocuboid joint/longitudinal arch |
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Definition
| The long plantar ligament supports both the ? joint as well as the ? arch of the foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ? joint of the foot adds to pronation/supination range of motion in WB or NWB. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Mid-tarsal joint adds to ? and ? range of motion in WB or NWB. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ? joint compensates the forefoot in reaction to the position of the hindfoot. |
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Term
| ATF (Anterior Talofibular Ligament) |
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Definition
| The ? is the most commonly injured ligament in the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ankle is prone to this type of flexion contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In WB, ? occurs at the hindfoot for absorption of forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| While the hindfoot absorbs the forces of the ground and the rotation of the lower limb via pronation, the mid-tarsal joint maintains normal weight-bearing forces on the forefoot via ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The mid-tarsal joint permits movement of the midfoot and forefoot in the (?opposite or same?) direction of that of the talus and calcaneus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compensation between the hindfoot and forefoot is increasingly lmited at the ? joint when the hindfoot is increasingly supinated. |
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Term
| Transverse Tarsal Joint (aka Midtarsal joint) |
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Definition
| This joint divides the hindfoot and midfoot. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inversion sprain of the lateral ligaments of the ankle will often result if the hindfoot becomes (?supinated or pronated?) and the mid and forefoot is unable to compensate. |
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Term
| Pronation and Supination (and all the component parts to those motions) |
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Definition
| What are the movements available at the Mid-Tarsal Joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| ? joints are found at the midfoot between the navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ? joint allows gliding movements that allow the forefoot to move in reaction to the position/movement of the hindfoot. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This joint helps the midfoot and forefoot compensate for the hindfoot. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ? joints are 5 nonaxial plane synovial joints that functionally are classified as 5 rays. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tarsometatarsal joint function is primarily a continuation of the function of the ? joint. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction |
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Definition
| Name the movements available at the MTPs. |
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|
Term
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Definition
| More extension than flexion is available at the MTPs compared to the fingers, why? |
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Term
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Definition
| In static standing, the ratio of weight distribution from heads 1-5 is ? |
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Term
| uni-axial hinge joint/ flexion & extension |
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Definition
| The interphalangeal joints are what type of joint with movement being ? |
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Term
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Definition
| The interphalangeal joints help maintain ? by pressing against the ground both during static posture when necessary and in gate. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a weight-bearing position, ? rotation of the tibia causes pronation of the hindfoot and vice-versa. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lateral rotation of the tibia causes ? movement of the hindfoot and vice-versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the knee is extended completely, the tibia must rotate ? to lock the knee in extension. |
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Term
| Medial longitudinal, Lateral longitudinal and Transverse |
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Definition
| Name the 3 arches of the foot |
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Term
| bones, ligaments and thick fascia |
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Definition
| The arches of the foot are supported by the shape and arrangement of the ?, ? & thick ? in the sole of the foot and muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Little to no muscular activity is involved in the maintenance of the arches of the foot, however, a great deal of muscle activity is found in a person with a ? arch. |
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Term
| Anterior, Lateral, Superficial posterior and deep posterior. |
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Definition
| Name the 4 compartments of the leg. |
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Term
| Tibialis Anterior, Ext. Hall Longus and Ext Digitorum Longus / Deep Peroneal Nerve. |
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Definition
| The anterior compartment of the leg is made up of these muscles (name them) and is innervated by the ? nerve. |
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Term
| Peroneus Longus and Brevis/Superficial Peroneal Nerve |
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Definition
| The Lateral compartment of the leg is made up of these muscles (name them) and innervated by the ? nerve. |
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Term
| Gastroc, Soleus and Plantaris/tibial nerve |
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Definition
| The Superficial posterior compartment of the leg is made up of these muscles (name them) and innervated by the ? |
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Term
| Gastroc, Soleus and Plantaris |
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Definition
| Name the muscles which all attach via the achilles tendon to the tuberosity of the calcaneus. |
|
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Term
| Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hall Longus and Popliteus/Tibial nerve |
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Definition
| The Deep Posterior Compartment of the leg is made up of these muscles (name them) and innervated by the ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| A (?supinated or pronated?) foot is a rigid, tough foot. |
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|
Term
| Strong fascia and interosseus membrane |
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Definition
| ? and ? divide the low leg into 4 compartments. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used to describe a high arched foot (heel off the ground) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| term used to describe flat arched foot (typically pronated hindfoot) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bunion is the common term for ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| A narrower than average intercondylar notch may increase the likelihood of injury to the ? ligament. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The asymmetry in the shape of the femoral condyles affects the ? plane kinematics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Although the fibula has no direct function at the knee, it splints the lateral side of the tibia and helps maintain its ? |
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Term
| Biceps Femoris and the LCL |
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Definition
| The head of the fibula serves as an attachment site for the ? and ? |
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Term
| transfer weight across the knee and to the ankle. |
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Definition
| The primary function of the tibia is to ? |
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|
Term
| quadriceps femoris muscle |
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Definition
| The tibial tuberosity serves as the distal attachment for the ? muscle via the patellar tendon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ? is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The third 'odd' facet of the patella exists along the extreme ? border of the (? medial or lateral?) facet. |
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Term
| 170 to 175 degrees/frontal |
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Definition
| The knee forms an angle on its lateral side of about ? to ? degrees. This normal alignment of the knee within the ? plane is referred to as genu valgum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lateral angle at the knee of less than 170 degrees is called excessive genu valgum or ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lateral angle of the knee that exceeds 180 degrees is called genu varum or ? |
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|
Term
| muscles and posterior capsule |
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Definition
| Unlike the elbow the knee has no bony block against hyperextension. The ? and ? limit hyperextension. |
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Term
| suprapatellar and deep infrapatellar |
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Definition
| The knee has as many as 14 bursae. Fat pads are often associated with bursae around the knee with the most extensive fat pads being associated with the ? and ? bursae. (page 526 neumann) |
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Term
|
Definition
| True/False: Joint stability at the knee is provided not by a tight bony fit, but by forces and physical containment provided by muscles, ligaments, capsule, menisci and body weight. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: The menisci (especially the lateral menisci) pivot freely during movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The popliteus attaches to the (?lateral or medial?) meniscus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendon of the ? passes between the LCL and the external border of the lateral meniscus. (p. 527 neumann) |
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Term
| reduce the compressive stress |
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Definition
| The primary function of the menisci is to ? across the tibiofemoral joint. (p. 527) |
|
|
Term
| stabilizing the joint during motion, lubricating the articular cartilage, providing proprioception and helping to guide the knee's arthrokinematics. |
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Definition
| Besides reducing compressive stress across the tibiofemoral joint, other functions of the menisci include (name 4 things) (p. 527) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A complete meniscectomy has been shown to increase peak contact pressures at the knee by 230% which increase the risk of development of ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it better to surgically repair a meniscus or remove the damaged region? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ? are the most common injury of the knee. (p. 528) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to research, 50% of all acute injuries of the ACL are associated with a concurrent injury to the ? |
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Term
|
Definition
| A dislodged or folded flap of meniscus (often referred to as a 'bucket-handle tear') can mechanically block ? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A significant valgus force delivered to the knee can indirectly strain and thereby injure the (? lateral or medial?) meniscus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The navicular tuberosity serves as one of several distal attachments of the ? muscle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The navicular tuberosity is located just distal and anterior to the tip of the (?lateral or medial?) malleolus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sustentaculum talus projects (?medially or laterally?) as a horizontal shelf from the dorsal surface of the ? bone of the foot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cuneiforms contribute to the ? arch of the foot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The distal surface of the cuboid articulates with the ? and ? metatarsals of the foot making it homologous to the ? bone of the hand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A distinct groove runs across the plantar surface of the cuboid occupied by the tendon of the ? muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ? of the forefoot is functionally defined as one metatarsal and its associated set of phalanges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which metatarsal is usually the longest? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which metatarsal is the shortest and thickest? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What muscle attaches to the styloid process of the 5th metatarsal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two sesamoid bones that articulate with the first metatarsal head are imbedded within the tendon of the ? muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As in the hand, the foot has ? phalanges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A firm articulation at the proximal tibfib joint is needed to ensure that forces within the ? muscle and ? ligament are transferred effectively from the fibula to the tibia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ? ligament provides the strongest bond between the distal end of the tibia and fibula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approximately ? to ? % of the compressive forces pass through the talus and tibia whereas the remaining ? to ? % pass through the lateral region of the talus and fibula |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Talofibular Ligament and Calcaneofibular ligament |
|
Definition
| About 2/3rds of all lateral ankle ligament injuries involve both of these ligaments. (name the 2) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Talofibular Ligament |
|
Definition
| The primary function of the ? ligament is to stabilize the talus within the mortise in particular limiting excessive abduction of the talus. |
|
|
Term
| plantar flexion and dorsiflexion |
|
Definition
| The movements of ? and ? are kinematically linked to anterior and posterior translation of the talus, respectively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Full dorsiflexion of the ankle is often limited after a sprain of the lateral ankle. One approach aimed to increase dorsiflexion would be for the PT to apply a ?-directed translation of the talus and foot relative to the leg. (p. 584) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generally, any collateral ligament that becomes increasingly taut on (?anterior or posterior?) translation of the talus also becomes increasingly taut during dorsiflexion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During dorsiflexion, the talus rolls ? relative to the leg as it simultaneously slides ? |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| During plantar flexion, the talus rolls ? as the bone simultaneously slides ? |
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Term
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Definition
| Plantar flexion or dorsiflexion causes the distal tibia and fibula to 'loosen their grip' on the talus. |
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Definition
| The longitudinal or vertical axis of rotation at the hip mechanically links the ? plane movements of the major joints of the entire limb. |
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Definition
| The ACL becomes more taut in flexion or extension and the PCL more taut in ? |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive lateral or medial shift of the patella during knee movement is often associated with patellofemoral joint instability and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Significant muscle weakness in the ? muscle usually results in extensor lag. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive resistance from what muscles that are stretched across a flexed hip in a seated position can play a role in limiting full extension of the knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling increases intra-articular pressure which can physically impede full knee extension or flexion? |
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Term
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Definition
| Full supination at the subtalar joint restricts or increases the overall flexibility of the midfoot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Full pronation of the subtalar joint increases or decreases the overall flexibility of the midfoot. (special focus 14-3, p 590) |
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Term
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Definition
| coxa ? (valga or vara) is often combined with genu varum (bow-leggedness), while coxa ? leads to genu valgum (knock-knees). |
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