Term
| define the components of social class |
|
Definition
| social class, education, income, wealth (property), occupation |
|
|
Term
| describe the trend in income inequality over the past several decades, and two ways that these trends have been shown graphically |
|
Definition
| the trend in income inequality has been increasing |
|
|
Term
| define the Gini coefficient |
|
Definition
the ratio between the highest income and the lowest income
HIGH GC = MORE INEQUALrITY
LOW GC = LESS INEQUALITY b/w income (more evenly distributed) |
|
|
Term
| define income mobility, and describe how it has changed over the past several decades |
|
Definition
| income mobility is the ability to improve economic status. it has been increasing |
|
|
Term
| provide one argument in defence of income inequality |
|
Definition
| income inequality promotes motivation to those in the lower class |
|
|
Term
| provide arguments for and against the statement, "the poor can escape poverty if they work hard enough" and explain how belief in this principle might affect social and economic policy |
|
Definition
to an extent
very situational
depends on the opportunities presented and the type of environment |
|
|
Term
| state the approx. proportion of total wealth in the US owned by the wealthiest 20% of the US population and the proportion owed by the wealthiest 1% of the US population (see the PBs NewsHour pie chart and the graph by Allegretto) |
|
Definition
Top 20% own 84% of total wealth in the US.
The wealthiest 1% of the population own ~30%. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between socio-economic status and health and give at least three specific examples |
|
Definition
low birth weight more common in poor babies
death rates are higher in ages 25-64 for people < HS/GED
Hypertension/Diabetes/Heart Conditions are greater in people below 100% of poverty level |
|
|
Term
| define the wealth health gradient |
|
Definition
| The more wealthier you are, the more healthier you are. |
|
|
Term
| explain at least five ways that socio-economic status might affect health, and place these in the context of the sociological and psychological theories of health behaviour discussed earlier in the quarter |
|
Definition
| lack of access/availability to healthy foods, availability of cheap food, agricultural policy |
|
|
Term
| describe the association between socio economic status and race/ethnicity |
|
Definition
| Hispanic/Blacks are more poor than whites/Asians |
|
|
Term
| describe the recent trends in the wealth gap between the white population and the black and Hispanic populations in the US |
|
Definition
| Whites are more wealthy than Hispanics, who are more wealthy than Blacks. |
|
|
Term
| explain whether the difference in socio-economic status can explain differences in health status by race and ethnicity and provide evidence for your answer |
|
Definition
| the poorer a population is, the poorer health due to access to care, good food, etc and there are racial disparities in socio-economic status. |
|
|
Term
| name two broad categories of environment that affect health and give examples of each |
|
Definition
physical (built) environment
ie) risk exposure, resource deprivation
&
social environment
ie) neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics (poverty rate, income level, unemployment rate), social capital |
|
|
Term
| distinguish between theories of risk exposure and resource deprivation |
|
Definition
| too much of a bad thing or too little of a good thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ie) lack of resources for something healthy |
|
|
Term
| define social capital and explain how it might be related to health |
|
Definition
degree of social trust, extent of social networks, and willingness to provide mutual aid and reciprocity between individuals in a given area
---lack of social support/STRESS |
|
|
Term
| define residential segregation |
|
Definition
| degree to which groups of people categories on various scales (race, ethnicity, income) occupy difference space within urban areas |
|
|
Term
| explain the difference between residential segregation and ethnic enclaves with respect to social media |
|
Definition
residential segregation
degree to which groups of people categorized on various scales (race, ethnicity, income) occupy different space within urban areas
ethnic enclaves
residing in racially homogeneous enclaves may increase social capital by increasing social support networks
residing in highly segregated, socioeconomically isolated, high poverty areas may decrease social capital |
|
|
Term
| define and interpret the dissimilarity index |
|
Definition
measures the relation separation or integration of groups across all neighbours of a city or metropolitan area.
between two populations in respect to each other.
HIGH INDEX (~1) = MORE SEGREGATED THE AREA IS
LOW INDEX (~0) = MORE EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED |
|
|
Term
| describe historical events that led to current patterns of black-white residential segregation, and relate them to the concept of institutionalized racism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a genetically determined characteristic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
| give two examples of single-gene traits that differ by race/ethnic group |
|
Definition
BRCA1 - ASKANAZI JEWISH
ALDH-2 - ASIANS |
|
|
Term
| provide evidence either for or against the notion that genetic differences underlie disparities in polygenic diseases across race/ethnic groups |
|
Definition
| a lot of it was for environment and the thrifty gene hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| define the concept of gene-environment interaction and explain how it applies in the case of the thrifty genotype hypothesis |
|
Definition
| "higher prevalance of obesity and diabete among Pima Indians is a result of selective survival" |
|
|
Term
| provide evidence to justify whether or not race has a biological basis |
|
Definition
| no because there have not been any genetic markers found in one race that is not in another |
|
|
Term
| distinguish between a discrete vs a continuously distributed trait, and explain the relevance of this difference to the concept of race |
|
Definition
| widows peak discrete; continuous trait would be --- height of a continuously trait, skin color |
|
|
Term
| explain how immigration patterns reinforce the concept of race in the US |
|
Definition
| immigration patterns give us the false impressive of distinct "races" most people have migrated here from very specific places. |
|
|
Term
| explain why geography is a good predictor of genetic variation across populations |
|
Definition
| populations in a particular region will likely have more common genes because of the mating that occurs within said region |
|
|
Term
| name the continent with the greatest genetic diversity and explain why |
|
Definition
| Africa because of the "Out of Africa" hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| explain what is meant by the idea that there is greater genetic variation within a race than across races |
|
Definition
| within each race there is a greater genetic variation because all races have a high percentage of genes in common |
|
|
Term
| name three major categories of health coverage and identify the largest category among the insured population |
|
Definition
56.2% employer-sponsored;
19.8% medicaid/other public
18.5% uninsured
5.5% private non-group |
|
|
Term
| state the proportion and number of the adult (nonelderly) population who are uninsured |
|
Definition
18.5% uninsured
~49 million |
|
|
Term
| describe the uninsured population with respect to proportion living in households with no workers, part-time workers, or at least one full time worker |
|
Definition
| family work status: 61% 1 or more full time workers 16% part time workers 24% no workers |
|
|
Term
| identify population groups (w/ respect to age, income level, and race/ethnicity) at greatest risk for being uninsured |
|
Definition
18-24 year olds uninsured
100%-less than 150% uninsured
black only (out of white only, asian only)
mexican |
|
|
Term
| describe the conditions that led to lack of insurance coverage for four people profiled in Frontline's Sick around America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain what was demonstrated in two studies on angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft procedures by race |
|
Definition
angioplasty (best option) vs coronary artery bypass
for at least the white population, the lowest income and highest income were getting about the same angioplasty/CABG
white patients were more likely to get the procedure than the black patients |
|
|
Term
| explain what monitoring of preventable hospitalizations tells us about disparities in preventive health care |
|
Definition
| that those in lower socio-economic status (lower income quartile) have a higher rate of preventable hospitalizations |
|
|
Term
| name at least two factors that contribute to differences in health care between minority and non minority populations, according to the Institute of Medicine |
|
Definition
patient preferences
health care system |
|
|
Term
| provide evidence of black white differences in patients' perceptions of health care, and of differences in physician's perceptions of black vs white patients and explain how this might contribute to health care disparities |
|
Definition
white people think that doctors treat blacks and white the same. white people think that blacks and whites receive the same kind of care. more blacks agree that racial discrimination in a doctor's office is common. and more blacks agree that hospitals have sometimes done harmful experiments on patients without their knowledge.
physicians think that whites are less likely to use ATOD, more likely to comply with medical advice, are intelligent, pleasant, and rational. |
|
|
Term
| describe the Tuskegee Syphilis study in general terms, and explain its relevance to racial differences in trust in the health care system today |
|
Definition
| The US govt. went out of their way to keep the poor black men in their study from getting treatment because they wanted to see the "natural history" of the disease because they wanted to see what happens if you dont treat syphilis. |
|
|
Term
| give two reasons that your family history does not determine your fate |
|
Definition
just because you may carry a gene for a disease; that only increases your chances for getting the disease A LITTLE BIT.
and as long as you live a healthy lifestyle then you'll even be less likely to get the disease. |
|
|
