Term
| What are the three components of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| Blood, Blood vessels, and the heart |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the blood? |
|
Definition
| Transportation, Regulation, and Protection |
|
|
Term
| What does blood transport? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic waste, nutrients, hormones, and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What does blood regulate? |
|
Definition
| the PH of our body, and the temperature |
|
|
Term
| What does blood protect against? |
|
Definition
| The excessive loss of blood, and disease |
|
|
Term
| The level of the number of red blood cells that you have in your body; percentage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components that blood is composed of? |
|
Definition
| Blood plasma 55% and Formed Elements 45% |
|
|
Term
Describe blood?
How much of our body weight is it? |
|
Definition
More dense/viscous than water
100.4 F temperature
slightly alkaline
8% of total body weight |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood volume in an average male and female? |
|
Definition
Male 5-6 liters (1.5 gal)
Female 5 liters (1.2 gal) |
|
|
Term
| How much of plasma is made up of water and how much of solutes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the plasma solutes called and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Plasma proteins and they are in synthesized in the liver by HEPATOCYTES (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens) |
|
|
Term
| Blood cells that develop into plasma cells that produce gamma globulins which are what? |
|
Definition
| An important type of globulin; called antibodies or immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| Plasma protein that maintains bloods osmotic pressure and regulates PH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma protein that binds to an antigen which will then form an antibody/antigen complex |
|
Definition
| Antibody (immunoglobulin) |
|
|
Term
| Plasma protein that is involved in blood clotting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the four steps of blood clotting |
|
Definition
1) Bleeding starts a chemical reaction within Prothrombin activators
2) Catalytic reaction then produces thrombin
3) Thrombin then produces fibrinogen
4) Fibrinogen then lies down fibrin fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the Formed Elements in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Granular- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular- t/b cells and NK cells and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What happens when someone has hypoxia (deficiency of o in the kidneys) |
|
Definition
| Leads to a stimulus of erythropoietin by kidneys to stimulate RBC production |
|
|
Term
| What is important for the production of RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in the liver; used for blood clotting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduced O carrying capacity of blood; not enough RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An overproduction of RBC; hematocrit about 54% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Media Cubital vein
Newborns- form the heel
denapuncture- the process of taking blood |
|
|
Term
| Checks and balances system for blood flow; regulates the number of RBC and platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process by which formed elements of blood are developed; first occurs in the yolk sac of embryo at conception; then permanently in the RBM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the exception of ______, Formed Elements do not divide once they leave the Red Bone Marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| .05-1% of RBM cells derived from mesenchyme capacity to develop into many types of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Completes its development in the RBM; they are progenitor cells that are not capable of reproduction and committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Start in the RBM but complete development in the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injects its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte that carries oxygen; contains hemoglobin; 2 million per second rate of production of RBC in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the production of RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell near the end of its developments sequence that ejects its nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No nucleus or organelles, contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made up of four polypeptide chains and 1 iron on each chain and at the center of each heme ring is an iron ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when oxygen and iron combine? |
|
Definition
| It forms a reversible reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bioconcave, lacks nucleus, and has spectrin to make it plyable
each one can carry four o molecules |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced; not enough rbc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lack of absorption of iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lack of absorption of B12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The loss of blood due to bleeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defect in the cell membrane causing it to rupture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hereditary, causes a deficiency in hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Destruction of bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC looks like a sickle; can rupture easily; causes anemia and blood clots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the life cycle of a RBC? |
|
Definition
| About 120 days they are removed by phagocytic macrophages after they rupture; they occur in the spleen and liver where the products are recycled |
|
|
Term
| What is the production of RBC that occurs in the red bone marrow with precursors called proerythroblast and ejects its nucleus to become a reticulocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean that RBC are mitotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than 100 types of genetically determined antigens have been detected. What are the two blood grouping systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All leukocytes stem from myeloid cells except for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the granular leukocytes? |
|
Definition
| Eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil |
|
|
Term
| what are the agranular leukocytes? |
|
Definition
| Monocytes and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which granular leukocyte releases histamines, which slow down the inflammation caused by allergies; attack parasitic worms; use phagocytosis to destroy antigen-antibody complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which granular leukocyte involved in the inflammation and allergy reaction; leave the capillaries and enter something as a mast cell; releases the histamines; release heparin (blood thinner) and release serotonin (hormone that relaxes you) and histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which granular leukocyte The fastest of all the white blood cells in response to bacteria; direct action against it; high neutrophil count in pus; release lysosomes (have a bleaching agent; can destroy bacteria) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBC and other nucleated body cells have proteins, called major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, protruding from their plasma membranes into the extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which agranular leukocytes migrates to blood tissue where they enlarge and become macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which macrophages go exactly to the site they need to go to and adhere to the epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which macrophages go wherever and when they eventually wind up where they are needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protrude from the cell membrane; everyone has an exact pair except for identical twins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general function of WBC ? |
|
Definition
| To combat pathogens by phagocytosis or immune responses |
|
|
Term
| Which WBC are continually being recycled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once they leave the blood and go to the site of infection they dont ever return |
|
Definition
| Granular leukocytes and monocytes(agranular) |
|
|
Term
| Process by which WBC cross capillary walls to get the site of infection; WBC roll along the endothelium lining of capillaries and squeeze their way out of the lining to where they need to go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once at site, WBC; neutrophils and macrophages are active in phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process by which chemicals are released by microbes, once released they detract a defense system of chemotaxins; when a WBC attacks a toxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bleaching agent that is going to help cure/ fight the infection; release a bleaching agent to fight some microbes and they are toxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major combatant in immune systems- B, T, and Natural T killer cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lymphocytes develop into plasma cells; destroy bacteria and their toxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lymphocytes attack some fungi, viruses, transplanted organs, and some cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lymphocytes attack many microbes and tumor cells and continually move among the lymphoid tissues, lymph, and blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agranular- gets to site of infection (like neutrophils but slower) they bring the army and come in large numbers when they get to the site. There are two types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the agranular monocytes that are like little nomads they just wonder and wait until they are needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the agranular monocytes that adhere to the wall of whatever tissue needs to be cured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do WBC have; meaning that they are ID markers on cell membranes and they extend into the plasma/extracellular fluid (everyone has their own. this was used in a murder case) |
|
Definition
| MHC (major histocompatibility) |
|
|
Term
| Takes longer to get to the site of infections than do neutrophils; differentiate into wondering and fixed macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leave the tissue and release heparin, serotonin, and histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Releases histamines, which slow down the inflammation caused by allergies; attack parasitic works; use phagocytosis to destroy anti-antogen complexes also phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comes on quickly, more common in young children. develops almost immediately at any age; uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes; they get so large in number they start to squeeze out RBCs and platelets. most common form of this cancerous form of leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| later in life; RBCs accumulate in the blood stream and don’t die; either characterized by lymphocytic(more lymphocytes) or monocytic(more monocytes) and depends on the prevalent number in the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by coming together to form a platelet plug that fills the gap in the blood vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| What do platelets initiate? |
|
Definition
| series of chemical reactions that culminates in the formation of a network of insoluble protein threads called fibrin |
|
|
Term
| Fragments essential to blood clotting; fills in the gap where they are needed in a blood clot that are stored in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce enough platelets (treatment is steroid treatment to boost the platelet level) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a cut occurs? |
|
Definition
| releases prothrombin activators – prothrombin is produced by the activators – prothrombin catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin – thrombin leads to fibrinogen which then makes the fibrin fibers |
|
|
Term
| How long do platelets live? |
|
Definition
| five to nine days in the blood stream and they are formed in the bone marrow then they are taken out by macrophages which is done in the liver and spleen |
|
|
Term
| Blood thinners to prevent blood clothes and prevent strokes |
|
Definition
| Anticoagulents; Heprin and coumadin |
|
|
Term
| What is in the blood that makes it flexible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inherited deficiency in blood clotting factors? causes spontaneous bleeding and very dangerous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common type- its males only and they have inherited a problem with factor number 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lacks the intrinsic factor number 9- males only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Males and females; less severe of the three because it allowsan alternate clotting factor to take place; there is treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow; establishes normal blood cell counts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like a stem cell transplant bc the stem cells can live ab six months before they mature into anything (donated umbilical cords) removal of stem cells from the umbilical cord/placenta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of the heart and the diseases associated with it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times a day does the heart beat? |
|
Definition
100,000 times
35 million a year |
|
|
Term
| Hollow, cone-shaped, and the size of a closed fist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the heart located? |
|
Definition
| In the Mediastinum cavity; from the first rib to the diaphragm and btwn the coverings (pleura) of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where does the majority (2/3) of the heart lie? |
|
Definition
| To the left of the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outlines shape of an organ on the surface of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the pericardial fluid between the parietal and visceral layers. if it is related to the heart wall then its called the epicardium; if its to the pericardium it is called the visceral serous membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane sac that surrounds the heart and is made up of two layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more superficial of the two layers of the pericardium; tough and inelastic dense irregular connective tissues; anchors the heart in place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deeper of the two layers of the pericardium; consists of two layers(parietal and visceral) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serous membrane; ____fused with the pericardium and _____ that surrounds the heart itself |
|
Definition
Parietal layer
Visceral layer |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the heart wall? |
|
Definition
| Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of heart wall; The same thing as the visceral layer of the pericardium (epicardium is a term used when talking about the heart wall) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of heart wall; Cardiac muscle tissue responsible for pumping action of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of heart wall; Continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels; provides smooth lining for chambers of the heart and covers the valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connect ends of neighboring cardiac muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle to the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four chambers of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two superior receiving chambers of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There to allow increase in blood volume in the atrium a space that allows the heart itself to increase in blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two inferior pumping chambers? |
|
Definition
| Left and Right ventricles |
|
|
Term
| The right side of the heart; weaker; moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs right atrium and right ventricle moves deoxygenated blood through the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left side of the heart; stronger; pumps oxygenated blood to all the systems of our body left atrium and left ventricle, pump oxygenated blood out into all the systems of our body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marks line on the external boundaries between right and left ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains coronary blood vessels and variable amounts of fat; each marks external boundaries between the two chambers of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Makes the boundary between the right and left ventricles; on anterior side of heart. |
|
Definition
| Anterior Interventricular sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Marks boundary between left and right ventricles on the posterior side of heart |
|
Definition
| Posterior interventricular sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from three veins and takes deoxygenated blood into the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumps deoxygenated blood into the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumps deoxygenated blood into the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies in the coronary sulcus; pushes blood into the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pectinate muscle is only in which atria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior wall has internal muscular ridges called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separates the left and right atrium division between two atriums |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A remnant of foramen ovale in fetal development; an oval depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood from right atrium to right ventricle has to pass through this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The blood goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle through which valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second largest chamber in the heart? forms most of the anterior part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Series of ridges formed by raised bundles of raised cardiac muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Looks like little strings; attached to papillary muscle that opens and closes to allow blood to flow into the right ventricle; chords attached to bicuspid valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separates the left and right ventricles internally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood passed through it, then the pulmonary trunk, then the lungs; goes back into the right and left pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Divides into left and right pulmonary arteries that carry blood back to the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| remnant of the ductus arteosus; comes off the left pulmonary artery; in fetal development it shuts blood from the arteries to keep it away from the lungs (one reason that makes premature births tricky) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood goes through the pulmonary trunk and continues through right and left pulmonary arteries that supply blood to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms the base of the heart and receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins and now it flows to the bicuspid valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the pulmonary veins come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whats another name for the bicuspid mitral valve? |
|
Definition
| left atrioventricular valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left atrioventricular valve, mitral valve, bicuspid |
|
|
Term
| what happens in a mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
| if bicuspid doesn't close all the way a seepage will regurgitate blood back into the left atrium |
|
|
Term
| Blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the ____ valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condition where the blood enters into the left ventricle and there is a regurgitation of blood back up the bicuspid valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does blood go after the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
| ascending aorta through the aorta valve |
|
|
Term
| Thinner, delivers blood under less pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thicker because it delivers blood at high pressures. Left especially because of the higher pressure and the blood has to go further |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are four valves that prevent backflow of blood in the heart after blood passes through them; what are they? |
|
Definition
| Tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary |
|
|
Term
| Located between the atrium and the ventricles |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular (bicuspid and tricuspid) |
|
|
Term
| The bicuspid and tricuspid valve open using what?? by contractions of the papillary muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two semilunar valves that allow ejection of blood from the ventricles and prevent backflow of blood into the heart?Constructed similarly with simple folds |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary and Aortic valve |
|
|
Term
| The heart pumps blood into two circuits arranged in a series (connected end to end) what are the two ways? |
|
Definition
| Systemic and pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| Left side of the heart; receives red, oxygenated blood from the lungs; eject blood into the aorta which branches into progressively smaller systemic arteries that carry blood throughout the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right side of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from systematic circulation; blood flows from pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries that carry blood into the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two coronary arteries? |
|
Definition
| Left and Right coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Composed of anterior interventricular and cicumflex branch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of Posterior interventricular and Marginal Branch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LCA and RCA branch from what? and provide the heart with the blood that it needs; supplies the myocardium with blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies both ventricles with blood |
|
Definition
| Anterior interventricular |
|
|
Term
| Supplies the left atrium and the left ventricle with blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies both ventricles with blood |
|
Definition
| Posterior interventricular |
|
|
Term
| Supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle with blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collateral way to get blood; almost all blood vessels have an _____ alternate route to get blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumps blood into the right atrium; in the coronary sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of coronary muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fixes irregular heartbeat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| looks for irregular heartbeat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time it takes form the action potential to get from the atria to the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spread of action potential to the ventricles; ventricle depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood protects against what? |
|
Definition
| Excessive loss, injury, and disease |
|
|
Term
| Site of hemopyosis in the adult includes all of the following except |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heme portion of hemoglobin contains iron that binds reversibly with oxygen, in addition to oxygen and carbon disoxide transport what does hemoglobin do? |
|
Definition
| Functions in blood pressure regulation by faring nitric oxide throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| What is the life span of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leads to an increase in RBC production? |
|
Definition
| Hypoxia, test, and erythropoeitin |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes migrate into body tissues to become phagocytic cells called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils provide weapons against bacteria in the form of ? |
|
Definition
| Lysosomes, defensins, oxidants |
|
|
Term
| The white blood cells that typically increase in number in response to allergic conditions or parasitic infections are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematocrit of 65% or higher is an indication of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the moelcules that are the most abundanta and the smallest of the plasma proteins are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of RBC formation is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fixed macrophages and which two organs remove the worn out RBC and platelets from the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells develop into ___ whose function is to ____ to inactive bacteria poisons |
|
Definition
| Plasma cells; produce antibodies |
|
|
Term
| The WBC that are the first to respons to tissue destruction caused by bacteria are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells that destroy invading microbes are also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five main types of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins |
|
|
Term
| A small vein that collects blood from capillaries and delivers it to a vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A very small artery that delivers blood to a capillary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carries blood from the tissues to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carries blood away from the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the Tunica Interna? |
|
Definition
| Basement membrane, Endothelium, and Internal Elastic Lamina |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the Tunica Media ? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle and External Elastic Lamina |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer of the Tunica Externa ? |
|
Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Arteries have a high compliance what does that mean? |
|
Definition
| That they have the ability to stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arteries increase in diameter and become larger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arteries decrease in diameter and become smaller |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of arteries? |
|
Definition
| Elastic arteries, Muscular arteries, and Anastomoses |
|
|
Term
| How big are elastic arteries and what gives them a yellow tint? are the external and internal lamina well defined? |
|
Definition
| Largest in the body, elastic lamallae gives yellow tint, and yes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Elastic Arteries |
|
Definition
| They propel blood long distances, momentarily stores blood which converts mechanical energy into kinetic energy by momentarily holding blood |
|
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Term
| What are some examples of Elastic Arteries |
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Definition
| Common Carotid, Common iliacs, aorta, pulmonary trunk, brachiocephalic, subclavian |
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Term
| How big are muscular arteries? Do they have more or less smooth muscle than elastic arteries? are the internal and external lamina both well defined? |
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Definition
| Medium sized; more which causes them to be more capable of vasodilation/vasoconstriction; internal well defined and external very thin |
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Term
| Why are muscular arteries called distributing arteries? and what are some examples |
|
Definition
| Bc they continue to branch; brachial and radial |
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|
Term
| What does vascular tone mean? |
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Definition
| Ability of the artery to contract and maintain a state of partial contraction |
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|
Term
What is an anastomoses?
whats its function? |
|
Definition
An alternate route of blood flow in collateral circulation
to provide an alternate path if theres an obstruction |
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|
Term
| What is collateral circulation? |
|
Definition
| ability of blood to flow through alternate routes to a body part through an anastomosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Arteries that do NOT have anastomoses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Smallest of the artery group |
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|
Term
| What is the terminal end of an arteriole called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do pre capillary sphincters do? |
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Definition
| Control if blood goes to the capillary bed or if it goes through the thoroughfare channel. |
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|
Term
| Why are arterioles known as resistance vessels? |
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Definition
| Because they are going to regulate the amount of blood that goes into capillary beds |
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|
Term
| What happens at the capillary bed? |
|
Definition
| Exchange of Oxygen and CO2 |
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|
Term
| What are the two layers of a capillary? |
|
Definition
| Endothelium and basement membrane |
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|
Term
| What is the function of a capillary? |
|
Definition
| Exchange of O between blood and interstitial fluid |
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|
Term
| What is a post capillary venule? |
|
Definition
| Where the blood is received after it goes through the capillary |
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|
Term
| The tissues in our body that are more metabolically active have more extensive capillary beds. What are a few examples? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, locations where theres alot of metabolic movement. Brain, liver, kidneys, eyes, and nervous system. |
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|
Term
| What is a thoroughfare channel? |
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Definition
| The distal end of the metarterioles; no smooth muscle provides a direct route from an arteriole to a venule bypasses the capillaries |
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|
Term
| What is the blood flow through the capillary bed? |
|
Definition
| Arterioles>Metarterioles>capillary bed>post capillary venule>venule |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Continuous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoids |
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Term
| Explain the structure of continuous capillaries and give examples |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane forms a continuous tube; found in any area with high activity such as the brain and the lungs |
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|
Term
| Explain fenestrated capillaries and tell where they are found |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane has small pores (little windows everywhere) and they are found in the kidneys and the small intestines |
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|
Term
| Explain sinusoids vessel structure and examples |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane is incomplete...large holes in endothelium and they are found mainly in the bone marrow |
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|
Term
What are venules?
What are their function? |
|
Definition
Small veins
Bring blood back to the heart; drain capillary blood and start blood flow back to the heart |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between the tunica interna of a vein and an artery? |
|
Definition
| Internal elastic lamina is missing |
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|
Term
| What is different about the tunica media of a vein from the artery? |
|
Definition
| External Lamina is missing |
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|
Term
| Are the tunica externa of the arteries different than that of the veins? |
|
Definition
| This one is going to be thinner |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of circulation ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circulation includes the left ventricle and right atrium (chambers) and it flows to all organs of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do all systemic arteries branch from? |
|
Definition
| Away from the heart and are going to be oxygenated they will all branch from the aorta |
|
|
Term
| Which chambers does pulmonary circulation include and what organs does the blood flow to and from? |
|
Definition
| Right ventricle and left atrium ; lungs |
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|
Term
| The largest artery of the body; 4 divisions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four divisions ? |
|
Definition
Ascending aorta
Arch
Thoracic
Abdominal |
|
|
Term
| Where does the ascending aorta start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two arteries does the ascending aorta split into? |
|
Definition
| Right coronary and left coronary |
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|
Term
| What are the three main branches of the arch of the aorta? |
|
Definition
Brachiocephalic
subclavian
common carotid |
|
|
Term
| What two arteries does the brachiocephalic trunk split into? |
|
Definition
| Right subclavian and right common carotid |
|
|
Term
| Is the left common carotid artery more medial or lateral than the left subclavian artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four arteries in order |
|
Definition
| Subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial/ulnar |
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|
Term
| What do the radial and ulnar arteries form when they meet in the hand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two vertebral arteries come together to form what artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the circle of willis? |
|
Definition
| Located in the brain (arrangement of arteries) arrangement of blood vessels at the base of the brain |
|
|
Term
| At what point do the vertebra become thoracic aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta go? |
|
Definition
| These are going to go to your organs |
|
|
Term
| Where do the parietal branches of the thoracic aorta go ? |
|
Definition
| these are going to go to the walls of the body |
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|
Term
| There are paired and unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta what are the two paired and what are the two unpaired? |
|
Definition
Paired- renal and gonadal
Unpaired- splenic and common hepatic |
|
|
Term
| What two arteries does the abdominal aorta split into ? |
|
Definition
| Right iliac and left iliac |
|
|
Term
| Does the internal or external common iliac artery become the femoral artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the femoral artery called when it is behind the knee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The popliteal artery splits into what two arteries? |
|
Definition
Anterior tibial
posterior tibial |
|
|
Term
Tell where the following 7 veins drain into:
1. superior sagittal sinus 2. inferior sagittal sinus 3. straight sinus 4. R transverse sinus 5. L Transverse sinus 6. R sigmoid sinus 7. L sigmoid sinus |
|
Definition
| 1. right transverse sinus 2. straight sinus 3. left transverse sinus 4. right sigmoid 5. left sigmoid 6. internal jugular 7. internal jugular |
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|
Term
| How many brachiocephalic veins are there? what 2 veins make up the SVC ? |
|
Definition
| 2; Right brachiocephalic & Left brachiocephalic |
|
|
Term
| What vein does the axillary vein turn into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vein connects the cephalic vein to the basilica vein at the elbow? |
|
Definition
| Median cubital (this is the veins that they take blood from) |
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|
Term
| What vein extends from the palmar venous plexus to the basilica vein and/or the median cubital vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the cephalic vein medial or lateral to the basilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the brachial vein superficial or deep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the great saphenous medial or lateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The great saphenous joins with the femoral vein and then becomes what vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The external iliac and the internal iliac join to form what vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vein leads into the IVC? |
|
Definition
| Left and right common iliac |
|
|
Term
| Is the small saphenous medial or lateral ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small saphenous and the popliteal veins join to become what vein ? |
|
Definition
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