Term
| What are the 4 muscle properties? |
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Definition
1) Extensibility
2) Elasticity
3) Excitability/Irritability - respond to stimuli
4) Ability to develop tensile force |
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Term
| What are the three mysiums? Explain each. |
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Definition
Endomysium - surrounds muscle fiber
Epimysium - bound by layer of connective tissue and surrounds entire muscle
Perimysium - surrounds fasiculi |
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Term
| What are the bundles that epimysium consists of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the fasisculi consist of? |
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Definition
| They consist of invidual muscle fibers |
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Term
| What do the muscle fibers consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 functions of the plasmalemma(sarcolemma)? |
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Definition
1) Maintains PH , transports nutrients
2) conducts action potentials
3) fuses with tendon |
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Term
| What are the functions of satellite cells? |
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Definition
| They help to repair muscles and also they respond to injury, immobilization and training |
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Term
| What is function of the sarcoplasm? |
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Definition
1) It is the cytoplasm of the muscle
2) unique because it stores glycogen and myoglobin(transports oxygen within muscles in the mitochondria) |
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Term
| What muscle cell stores glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the t tubules? |
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Definition
| Extensions of plasmaella down into muscle fibers and carry action potentials deep in fiber. |
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Term
| What is the function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? |
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Definition
| The storage house for calcium |
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Term
| Which muscle cell is responsible for aerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the job of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| protein Translation and Transcription |
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Term
| Which layer of connective tissue surrounds a single muscle fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the transverse tubules? |
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Definition
| Deliver action potentials to myofibrils |
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Term
| What is the function of the sarcoplasm? |
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Definition
| Glycogen and myogobin storage |
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Term
| What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| Calcium delivery and storage |
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Term
| Which event immediately precedes/triggers the power stroke? |
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Definition
| Release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from myosin |
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Term
| Which event immediately precedes/triggers the binding of the myosin head with actin? |
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Definition
| Tropomyosin lifting off of actin |
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Term
| Which event immediately precedes/triggers the removal of the myosin head from actin? |
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Definition
| ATP binding to myosin head |
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Term
| Which event immediately precedes/triggers the re-cocking of the myosin head so that it can bind to actin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the order in which motor units are recruited? |
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Definition
| The size of the motor neuron |
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Term
| What primarily explains the differences in contraction velocity between a Type I and Type II muscle fiber? |
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Definition
| The type of myosin ATPase |
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Term
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Definition
Bone
Endomysium
Epimysium
Fascicle
Muscle
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Nuclei
Perimysium
Tendon
Endomysium
Blood vessel
Muscle fiber
Epimysium
Perimysium |
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Term
| what is the order of muscle? |
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Definition
| Muscle fasciculi muscle fiber myofibril |
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Term
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Definition
the basic contractile element of a muscle
- end to end for myofibril length |
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Term
| What is myosin and its function? What is s2? |
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Definition
| It is the thick filament that binds to actin. s2 is a sub unit and it is extensible and elastic |
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Term
S2 of the myosin is
a) elastic
b) dense and hard |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of actin, troponin and tropomyosin |
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Definition
| actin is the thin filament that acts as the myosin binding site. troponin is anchored to actin and moves tropomyosin. tropomyosin |
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Term
| what do we call non contractile proteins but they connect things togheter? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the steps of the excitation - contraction coupling. |
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Definition
1)Action potential (AP) starts in brain
2) AP arrives at axon terminal, releases (ACh)
3) ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma
4) AP travels down plasmalemma via T-tubules
5) Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
6) Ca2
+ enables actin-myosin contraction |
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Term
| How does action potential get to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum, via? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the release of Calcium from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium binds to ______ on the thin filament |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, what covers the myosin actin binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
| What moves tropomyosin from the binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the chemo-mechanical coupling steps |
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Definition
1) myosin head is bound to actin
2) release of phosphate gives the power stroke
3) ADP is then released at terminal rotation
4) new atp binds to head of myosin
5) this takes off head from actin
6) atp is broken through hydrolosis which then energized myosin to bind to actin again |
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Term
| What are the hydrolosis by products from the chemo mechanical steps |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three seperate and distinct components of muscle tension? |
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Definition
1) contractile process - activation of actomyosin
power stroke
2) parallel elastic - refers to connectins *titin, dystrophin, laminin) and mysiums
3) series elastic - tendon |
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Term
| Does the elastic process of muscle tension need ATP? |
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Definition
| No, it has a recoil effect |
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Term
| What is an alpha motor neuron? |
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Definition
| It is a neuron that innervates muscle fiber |
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Term
| What is a motor unit? Does more motor units equal to more contractile forces? |
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Definition
| It is the single motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates. Yes more motor units does equal to more contractile forces |
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Term
| Explain the hennemans size of orderly recruitment? |
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Definition
| Muscle fibers recruit depending on the type of exercise/force. It is additive and not sequential which means they add as force got higher. |
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Term
The order of muscle recruitment depends on motor neuron _____?
1) shape
2) size
3) color |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| size principle means the size or motor neurons innervating the particular fibers |
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Term
| What does asynchronous mean in terms of motor unit firing? |
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Definition
| In the muscle(unlike the heart), motor unit firing does not happen simultanousely with action potentials |
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Term
| In the recruitment of muscle fibers, do they recruit in the same order each time? |
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Definition
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|
Term
If threshold is exceeded, it will develop
1) Maximal Tension
2) Submaximal tension
3) Little tension |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| It is altering the frequency of a stimulus. For example, a single action potentional can make a muscle contract called a twitch or a few with relaxation called unfused tetanus and finally peak tension called fused tetanus |
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Term
| Single motor unit contains homogenous mix and whole muscle conains hetergenous mix. Explain this. |
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Definition
| The single motor unit being homogenous has ONLY that one type of fiber whereas a WHOLE MUSCLE has a mix of fibers. |
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Term
Between Type 1, Type 2 a and Type 2x, What is there
1) myoglobin density
2) color
3) capillary density
4) mithochondrial density
5) fatigue resistant
6) sarcoplasmic density
7) contraction speed |
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Definition
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Term
| Is it true that slow twitch fibers are at zero when fast twitch fibers reach peak force? |
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Definition
| No, slow twitch fibers also reach peak force but it only takes longer. |
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Term
| Tell me the types of fibers including slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycotic and fast glycotic |
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Definition
| Slow oxidative is type 1, fast oxidative glycotic is type 2a and fast glycotic is type 2x |
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|
Term
In terms of motor neuron size, which one is small, large and larger from
1) Type 1 (slow oxidative)
2) Type 2a (fast oxidative glycotic)
3) Type 2x (fast glycotic) |
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Definition
type 1 is small
type 2a is large
type 2x is largest |
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|
Term
| how many fibers per neuron does type 1, type 2a and type 2x produce? |
|
Definition
type 1 - 10-180
both type2a and type 2x produce 300-800 |
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Term
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Definition
| Steps get larger because there are more fibers per neuron being activated. |
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Term
| Whats the difference between fast ATPase and slow ATPase? |
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Definition
| The difference is that fast ATPase results in faster cross bridge cycling and slow ATPase results is slower cross bridge cycling |
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Term
| Between Type 1 and Type 2 motor units, which has more faster and slower ATP ase? |
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Definition
| Type 1 has slower ATPase and Type 2 has faster ATPase |
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|
Term
| Which has more myosin, Type 1 or Type 2? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Although training can account for 10% change of muscle fiber types but what is muscle fiber type really due to? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As we age, we lose more Type 1 or Type 2 motor units? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does Isometric contractions change length? change joint angles? myosin actin cross bridge cycle slide? |
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Definition
| No change in length, no change in joint angle and no sliding in the cross bridge |
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Term
| Between Concentric and Eccentric type of contractions, which one shortens and which one lengthens? |
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Definition
| Concentric shortens and sarcomeres come toward center whereas eccentric lengthens but still produces force. |
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Term
| Which creates more force, Type 1 or type 2 motor units? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we say there is an optimal length for Actin and Myosin to produce Active force? |
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Definition
| too much or too little overlap doesn't give myosin heads a chance to bind with actin and produce active force |
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Term
| passive force contributes to tension but only past passive resting length, what does it mean. |
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Definition
| the more it goes past passive resting length, the more it will recoil |
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Term
| In the force velocity relationship graph, which type of contraction produces most force in order? |
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Definition
| 1) Eccentric produces the most force, 2) Isometric and 3) Concentric |
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Term
| As the speed/velocity of a muscle contraction increases, does this decrease force? |
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Definition
| Yes more force equals less velocity and more velocity equals less force |
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Term
| When we do a MAX 1 RM test, is it based on concentric, eccentric or isometric? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the rate-limiting step for Chemo-Mechanical Coupling? |
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Definition
| Hydrolosis of ATP is the rate limiting step. It depends how much it breaks down |
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