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KIN 3313 Nervous System
Physiology Exam 1
55
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
03/24/2016

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Term
Sensory input:
Definition
Gathers Info (external and internal)
Term
Integration
Definition
determines appropriate response
Term
Motor Output
Definition
initiates a response
Term
The Nervous System
Definition
It's purpose is to communicate and control the various physiological functions of the body
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
-Brain and Spinal Cord
-Integrative and Control Centers
-White Matter (myelinated) -Grey Matter (unmyelinated)
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
-Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
-Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
-2 Subdivisions
1. Sensory 2. Motor
Term
Sensory (afferent) division
Definition
-Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
-Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Term
Motor (efferent) division
Definition
-Motor nerve fibers
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
-2 components
1. Somatic 2. Autonomic
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
-Voluntary (somatic motor)
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Term
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Definition
-Involuntary (visceral motor)
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
-2 components
1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic
Term
Sympathetic Division
Definition
Mobilizes body systems during emergency situations
Term
Parasympathetic division
Definition
-Conserves energy
-Promotes nonemergency functions
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
Provide anchoring support for neurons and insure nutrient delivery; direct neuronal growth; take up potassium ions and used neurotransmitters (importance of Glucose)
Term
Microglia
Definition
"immune cells" of the CNS; sense neuronal health and degrade harmful substances
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
cushion the brain and spinal tissue by circulating cerebrospinal fluid with their cilia
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
cytoplasmic extensions become insulating myelin sheaths
Term
Satellite cells
Definition
surround neuronal bodies
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
surround larger PNS fibers with myelin; peripheral nerve fiber regeneration
-(made up of myelin or fat) is to speed up the signal (like speed boosts on Mario Kart)
Term
Neurons (Nerve cells)
Definition
-conduct nerve impulses
-Can live over 100 years
-Are amitotic (cannot divide)
-High metabolic rate (require constant oxygen and glucose)
Term
What are the Functional Components of Neurons?
Definition
1. Receptive Region--- dendrites
2. Conducting Component---- Axon hillock to Axon
3. Secretory component
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
-Fatty protein-lipid
-Protects and insulates
-Speeds electrical transmission
--150m/s vs. 1 m/s (unmyelinated)
Term
Neurolemma
Definition
Nucleus and cytoplasm
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Gaps in myelin sheath
Term
Multipolar Neurons
Definition
-99% of Neurons
-some are motor neurons
-some are higher level sensory neurons
-3 or more processes sticking out
---like 1 axon and a bunch of dendrites
Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition
-have 2 processes
---1 axon and a single dendrite- extending from opposite sides of the cell body
-pretty rare
-in the retina of your eye
-most are interneurons
-all are sensory neurons
Term
Unipolar (pseudounipolar) Neurons
Definition
-only one process extends and form the central and peripheral processes
--those together comprise the axon
-only distal endings of peripheral processes are dendrites
-found mostly in your sensory receptors
-most are sensory neurons
Term
Somatic Sensory Neuron (SS)

in the spinal cord
Definition
Afferent input from the body
Term
Visceral Sensory Neuron (VS)

in the spinal cord
Definition
Afferent input form the visceral organs
Term
Visceral motor neuron (VM)

in the spinal cord
Definition
Efferent output to the visceral organs
Term
Somatic Motor Neuron (SM)

in the spinal cord
Definition
Efferent output to the body
Term
Nuclei

in the spinal cord
Definition
cell bodies within the CNS
Term
Ganglia

in the spinal cord
Definition
cell bodies within the PNS
Term
Tracts

in the spinal cord
Definition
neuronal processes within the CNS
Term
Nerves

in the spinal cord
Definition
neuronal processes within the PNS
Term
Ohm's law
Definition
Current (I) = voltage (V)/resistance (R)
-voltage (potential)
-Current (flow of charge)
-Resistance (insulators and conductors)
Term
Voltage

in humans
Definition
ionic difference (potential)
Term
Current

in humans
Definition
flow of ions
-movement from pos to negative
Term
Resistance

in humans
Definition
plasma membrane
-P. Membrane does not let everything in; very picky
-anything that gets in the way of a current
Term
Electrochemical gradients
Definition
-movement of opposite charges
-movement along a concentration gradient
---a difference of concentrations in one place compared to the other
Term
What is Resting Membrane Potential Voltage?
Definition
approx -70mV
Term
Is the inside of the cell more pos or neg than outside?
Definition
negative
Term
what element is more inside and more out side of your cell between potassium and sodium?
Definition
Potassium more inside
Sodium more outside
Term
Na+ and K+ are both positive, so how do we have a neg charge inside the cell?
Definition
Because tissues are made up of proteins and the vast majority of them are negatively charged. More proteins on inside with potassium.
Term
How does the Sodium-Potassium Pump work?
Definition
-you need 1 ATP
-kick 3 sodium out
-add 2 potassium in
Term
All or none phenomenon
Definition
A threshold of depolarization (or “threshold potential) must be reached for an action potential to fire
- -55 mV
Term
Absolute Refractory Period
Definition
period when no other stimulus will generate an Action Potential (sodium channels are still open)
Term
Relative refractory period
Definition
follows absolute refractory period, can receive another stimulus given the stimulus is strong enough
Term
Saltatory Conduction
Definition
Action potential jumps from node to node with sodium entering the channels
Term
Why does sodium move right on it's own down an axon?
Definition
because of it's positive charge and how it goes towards negative
Term
Synapse
Definition
-meeting point between 2 neurons
-the end of a nerve cell
-"to clasp or join"
-can be either electrical or chemical
---chemical most common
Term
Chemical Synapse
Definition
-most used
-take more time to send signal
-Calcium gates in presynaptic terminal
-clacium triggers exocytosis
-binding of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic membrane
-opening of ion channels
Term
Grated Potential
Definition
A local depolarization of a neuron cell that does not meet threshold
Term
Electrical Synapse
Definition
Immediate signal
Term
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Definition
local depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane pushing the membrane towards threshold ultimately leading to a graded potential
Term
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Definition
local hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane pushing the membrane away from threshold
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