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| First proposed the idea that the body maintains an internal environment which is necessary for proper health |
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| allow the environment to determine life system parameters (reptiles) |
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| maintain life system parameters at a constant level over wide ambient environmental variations (mammals, birds) |
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| Maintenance of a constant internal environment during unstressed conditions |
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| most physiological variables vary around some set value; The internal environment doesn’t remain absolutely constant |
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| chemical substances used for energy (carbohydrates, protein, fat) |
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| absolutely essential to release energy from food |
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| 60-80% of body weight; biochemical reactions need this |
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| required for exchange of gases in lungs |
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| physiological variable is constant, but not normal |
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| component capable of detecting changes (stimuli) in the environment. Usually receptors (proteins) on surface of cells in our tissues |
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| assesses/integrates input and initiates response via a signal. Usually brain (hypothalamus), endocrine organ (pancreas). |
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| corrects changes to internal environment. |
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Nervous (fast)
Endocrine (slow) |
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| atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. |
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| major classes of organic compounds |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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| All chemical reactions in the body that result in catabolism and anabolism. |
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| breakdown of cell components/molecules |
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| build up of cell components/molecules |
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| Metabolic pathways involved in converting food into energy |
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| Adenosine triphosphate: energy source recognized by cells. |
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| proteins that regulate (accelerate) the speed of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction (lock and key) |
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Does not require O2
Phosphocreatine breakdown and glycolysis |
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Requires O2
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Immediate source of energy in muscle
The larger our PCr reserves, the longer we can sustain intense muscular activity |
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| the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate. The energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH. |
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Energy Investment Phase
Energy Generation Phase |
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| Allows glucose into the cell at the cost of one ATP |
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| Breaks glucose down into fructose at the cost of 1 ATP |
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| Glycolysis tally from blood glucose |
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Definition
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| Glycolysis tally from glycogen in cell |
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Definition
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| What is NADH used for in Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Turns pyruvate into lactate. |
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| Stage Process Inside Mitochondria |
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Definition
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Oxidation of acetyl-CoA by Krebs cycle
(2 ATP) (AKA TCA cycle)
ATP formation via the electron transport chain (32 ATP) |
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Definition
Pyruvate (3 C) is metabolized to acetyl co-A (2 C)
One CO2 molecule released
One NADH generated |
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| turns Isocitrate into alpha-kaetoglutarate releasing 1 co2 and 1 nadh in stage 2 of krebs cycle. |
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Definition
Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6 C)
Citrate (6 C) is metabolized to oxaloacetate (4 C)
Two CO2 molecules released
Produces three molecules of NADH and one FADH
Also generates one molecule of GTP, which is converted to ATP |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
electrons from NADH are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors (oxygen).
This reaction releases energy which is used to form ATP inside the mitochondria.
Each NADH will generate approximately 3 ATP and each FADH – 2 ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of electrons along protein carriers creates an energy gradient that allows for pumping of H+ ions into the intermembrane space
Results in H+ accumulation (gradient = potential energy)
As H+ flows back inside, energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane |
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| why is oxygen essential for the aerobic production of ATP |
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Definition
| Takes free hydrogen and combines to form water. |
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| Total ATP yield from aerobic glucose |
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| release of glycerol and fatty acids from triglycerides. Fatty acids are then “activated” and can enter the mitochondria to undergo oxidation. |
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| cleavage of long chain fatty acids into 2 carbon molecules, acetyl-CoA, inside the mitochondria |
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| regulates the rate (speed) of a metabolic pathway – usually early in the pathway |
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| RATE LIMITING ENZYME FOR ATP-PC SYSTEM |
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| Rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis |
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Definition
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
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| Rate limiting enzyme for Krebs |
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Definition
| Isocitrate dehyrogenase as an (RLE) |
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