Term
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Definition
| Oxygenated blood from heart and aorta to kidney for filtration |
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Term
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Definition
| transport filtered and deoxygenated blood from kidney to post. vena cava |
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Definition
| entry and exit port for nerves blood vessels to ureter |
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Definition
-regulate blood volume and composition
-reulate blood pH
-Regulate blood pressure
-metabolism:synthesize calcitriol, secrete erythropoietin,gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| contain most of nephron, main site for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| salt water and urea absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| contain loop of henle and collecting ducts, concentrates salt and conserves water. |
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Term
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Definition
| tip of renal pyramid that releases urine into calyx |
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Term
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Definition
| collecting sac to transport urine from papilla to renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| collects urine from calyces |
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Term
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Definition
| urine from renal pelvis to bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| return useful material to blood via peritubular capillaries(cortex) and vasa recta(medulla) |
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Term
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Definition
| only in the glomerulus, from blood to lumen of nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| more "filtration" from blood to lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of filtrate formed in both kidneys/minute |
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Term
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Definition
| end of tubule surrounding the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-glomerular filtration
-tubular reabsorption
-tubular secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| arteriole going to glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| arteriole coming from glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer filtrate from glomerulus to proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
reabsorbs most of useful substances of filtrate, sodium, water, bicarbonate, chloride and glucose.
-primary site for secretion/elimination of drugs, waste and H ions |
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Term
| descending loop of henle fxn |
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Definition
| permeable to water and impermeable to solutes |
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Term
| ascending loop of henle fxn |
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Definition
| permeable to salt and impermeable to water |
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Term
| distal convoluted tubule fxn |
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Definition
| receives fluid from asc. loop of henle, variably active, when aldosterone is present, sodium is reabsorbed and potassium is secreted. water and chloride follow the sodium |
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Term
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Definition
receives fluid from DCT, variably active, when ADH is present, this duct will become porous to water, causing it to move via osmosis into the "salty" interstitium of the medulla
-last water saving segment |
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Term
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Definition
| lumen of blood vessel-endothelial cell-basement membrane-podocytes |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| macula densa in DCT and granular juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate glomerular filtration rate and BP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pore of glom. endothelial cell: no blood cells thru, but all blood plasma
basal lamina of glomer.:no filtration of large proteins
slit membrane btwn pedicels:no filtration of medium sized proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
glomerular cap pressure-favors filtration
capsule pressure-opposes filtration
blood colloid osmotic pressure-opposes filtration |
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Term
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Definition
| 20% (amount of blood that passes thru glomerulus vs how much is actually filtered) |
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Term
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Definition
| less reabsorption, more urine output. possible threat of dehydration and electrolyte depletion |
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Term
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Definition
| tubules reabsorb waste that should be eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| Inulin conc. in blood and urine |
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Term
| myogenic renal autoregulation |
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Definition
| afferent arterioles increase or decrease based on average BP |
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Term
| tubuloglomerular renal autoregulation |
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Definition
| macula densa sense increased filtrate flow, signal afferent arterioles to constrict |
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Term
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Definition
SNS at rest=autoregulation mech. prevail
SNS stim= NE and epi, constrict afferent arterioles constrict and filtration inhibited. Also stimulates the renin-angiotension |
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Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule fxn |
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Definition
reabsorb most of the useful substances
primary site for secretion, major reduction in filtrate fluid |
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Term
| primary active transport of Na |
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Definition
| PCT, must use ATP, goes against conc gradient into the interstitial fluid, enters tubule cell through Na channel. |
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Term
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Definition
| because filtrate in PCT is isosmotic to blood |
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Term
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Definition
| uses active transport of Na, then loss of + charges pull Cl- along with, then water follows the salt |
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Term
| Na linked secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Glucose, Ions, Amino Acids use symports to follow Na down its conc gradient into tubule cell. Then diffuse into interstitial fluid, and Na is pumped out. |
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Term
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Definition
| max rate of transport when all available carriers are occupied. for glucose, when above 300 mg/dl, so some glucose remains in urine, called glucosuria |
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Term
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Definition
| all available glucose transporters are full, some glucose remains in urine, called glucosuria, occurs in diabetes mellitus |
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Term
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Definition
| will increase urine output due to increased osmolality of filtrate, pull more H2O back into tubule lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| ~50 % reabsorbed, to create osmolarity and help concentrate the urine |
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Term
| Medulla concentration gradient |
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Definition
| Must be maintained to prevent water loss. from 300 in cortex to 1400 in medulla |
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Term
| Medullary conc gradient maintenance |
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Definition
| Loop of Henle fxns, Vasa recta countercurrent and urea recycling |
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Term
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Definition
| water permeable, no sodium permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| Water impermeable, Sodium permeable |
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier fxn |
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Definition
| to conserve water in the organism |
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Term
| countercurrent flow requirements |
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Definition
| must be a concentration gradient along the loop. |
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier walkthrough |
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Definition
| filtrate enters ascending loop of henle-concentration gradient built up by the pumping out of Na in the ascending side creates a conc gradient, and water flows out of the tubular lumen, causing filtrate to become more concentrated as it travels down the loop. then it reaches the ascending loop where its high conc of Na etc can be pumped out, once again creating the counter current. This is all done with little energy expenditure, some ATP required to pump Na out of the lumen. positive feedback system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| peritubular capillary location |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pick up water that left due to CCM, to conserve water in body and leaves salt to help maintain the osmotic gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| the longer the loop, the more water that can be conserved. |
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Term
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Definition
| variably active depending on aldosterone presence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase sodium reabsorption, increased potassium secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| allows for osmotic reabsorption of H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| cause collecting duct to become porous to water, which will then reabsorb into the blood due to the salty interstitium of the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| dependent on water needs of the body |
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Term
| urine composition and properties |
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Definition
clear to deep amber, due to urochrome from RBC breakdown
odor-due to urea to ammonia breakdown
density-1.001-1.028
osmolarity: 50-1200 mOsm/L
pH- 4.5-8.2 usually 6.0
composition-95% water, 5% solutes (urea, NaCl, Kcl, creatinine, uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| by product of amino acid catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| more is reabsorbed than secreted: only 40% of the filtrate remains in the urine. this helps to maintain the osmolarity of the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly bound to albumin, non-filterable |
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Term
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Definition
-15% complex with small anions, carbonate, citrate, phosphate, and sulfate
-45% is ionized Ca2+ (highly regulated) |
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Term
| Calcium in Proximal tubule |
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Definition
| reabsorbs appx 65% of filtered Ca, not subject to hormonal control |
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Term
| http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/257/5/F707.abstract |
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Definition
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Term
| Proximal tubule Ca reabsorption |
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Definition
| mostly transcellular, gradient method |
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Term
| Calcium in ascending loop of henle |
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Definition
| reabsorbs appx 25% of filtered Ca, 50/50 para/transcellular |
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Term
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Definition
| last major site of Ca reabsorption. controlled by Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
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Definition
-most important regulator of Ca reabsorption
-stimulates reabsorption in thick ascending loop, DCT, and CT.
-PTH does not have a proximal action???
-PTH release from the parathyroid glands occurs when there is a drop in serum calcium |
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Term
| Calcium homeostasis antagonist hormones |
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Definition
| PTH and calcitonin (acts to lower blood serum concentration of calcium) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport is similar to glucose, using a sodium-dependent co-transporter, can reach a saturation point |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by post pit, act to increase water permeability in DCT and collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in adrenal cortex, increases Na and Cl transport in nephron and collecting duct, dragging water with it, increases BP |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by kidneys, causes production of angiotensin 2 which ultimately increases BP |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by kidneys, causes production of angiotensin 2 which ultimately increases BP |
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Term
| Atrial natriuretic hormone |
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Definition
| produced by heart when BP increases, inhibits ADH production, and reduces ability of kidney to concentrate urine, ultimately decreases BP |
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Term
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Definition
| with max vasopressin, the collecting duct is very permeable to water, and more returns to vasa recta, urine is concentrated, vice versa for low vasopressin |
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Term
| vasopressin regulated recruitment of water channels (aquaporin-2) |
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Definition
| vasopressin receptor on the collecting duct cell binds increased vasopressin from the blood, which triggers a cAMP signal to storage vesicles containing aquaporin2 to migrate to surface of cell, increasing water pores. |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| granular JG cells release renin, converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1, which converts to angiotensin 2. AT2 causes vasoconstriction, also stimulates release of aldosterone, aldosterone helps DCT to reabsorb salt, which pulls more H2O in via osmosis, raise blood volume, in turn raise BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macula densa cells monitor salt content of blood, if salt content gets too high, mac densa cells inhibit granular cells and suppress renin release. This suppression acts as a negative feedback mechanism to prevent further increases in angiotensin 2, aldosterone, and BP, eventually BP lowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| increases release of Na in urine, produced in the atria in response to stretch associated with increased blood volume, Increases GFR by causing relaxation of contractile cells that control the size of the filter slits of glomerulus. Also decrease, aldosterone, renin, and vasopressin release. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to cytoplasmic receptor, which intiates transcription in the nucleus, causes translation and synthesis of new channels and acts on existing pumps to bring more Na back in and increase K secretion |
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Term
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Definition
hydrostatic pressure within nephron
peristalsis moves it through ureters |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch of bladder stimulates reflex causing bladder to contract, inhibiting urinary sphincters, higher brain centers can stimulate of inhibit the reflex |
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Term
| urination(micturition) pt 1 |
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Definition
| pacemaker cells in pelvis initiate peristaltic waves in smooth muscle sheaths of the ureteral wall, appx 2-6/min. |
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Term
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Definition
| peristalsis moves urine through ureters to bladder anywhere from every few seconds of once every 2-3 minutes. (parasympathetic stim increases frequency, sympathetic stim decreases) |
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Term
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Definition
| the area where the ureters enter the bladder, act as sphincter to prevent reflux of urine back into ureters |
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Term
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Definition
| three muscular layers in bladder wall |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic nerves from intermediallateral column innervate body of bladder and trigone
parasympathetic nerves from sacral spinal cord innervate body and neck of bladder
somatic innervation (voluntary or pudendal) from sacral region, control voluntary muscles of external sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| above 300 ml, pressure rises steeply with addition urine. triggers micturition reflex. efferent impulses from brain suppress reflex (learned reflex) until decision is made to relax external sphincter thru voluntary nerves. relax external then internal sphincter. |
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