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Keywords - Ch. 2
From Industrial Materials by Helsel/Liu
38
Mechanical Engineering
Undergraduate 1
02/05/2014

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Term
Allotrope
Definition
Can change its structure two directions, e.g. BCC to FCC or FCC to BCC
Term
Amorphous Solid
Definition
A solid with a non-crystalline or non-geometric structure. Amorphous solids have no definite form.
Term
Periodic Table of the Elements
Definition
A table that provides basic information about the elements. Rows are organized by the number of Electron shells. Columns are organized by the amount of valence electrons.
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Term
Periods
Definition
Rows in the periodic table.
Term
Groups
Definition
Columns in the periodic table.
Term
Neutron
Definition
Subatomic particle with no electrical charge.
Term
Proton
Definition
Positively charged subatomic particle.
Term
Atomic Weight
Definition
Equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
The average weight of all the isotopes of the element.
Term
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
Definition
1/12 the mass of Carbon 12.
Term
Avogadro's Number
Definition
6.023(10²³)
Term
Mole
Definition
The mass in grams of the relative molar mass of an element.
Term
Energy levels
Definition
Orbits or shells of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
Term
Valence Shell
Definition
The outermost shell of an atom.
Term
Isotopes
Definition
A variation in the number of neutrons of a particular element.
Term
Ionization
Definition
One atom giving an electron to another atom, resulting in ions of each element.
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom with an unbalanced electrical charge.
Term
Cation
Definition
An atom that loses one electron from its valence shell, positive electrical charge.
Term
Anion
Definition
An atom that acquires additional electrons, negative charge.
Term
Molecular Material
Definition
A material where the molecule's structure determines the properties of the material, rather than the atom.
Term
Inert
Definition
Element with a filled valence shell.
Term
Van der Waals forces
Definition
Secondary bonds found in plastics and woods, weaker than metal or ceramic bonds.
Term
Crystalline solids
Definition
Ordered, three-dimensional geometric patterns that repeat throughout the material.
Term
Unit Cell
Definition
A particular pattern of repeating cells within a crystalline solid. Most common forms are Body Centered Cubic, Face Centered Cubic, and Hexagonal Close Packed.
Term
Lattice
Definition
A 3D configuration of unit cells.
Term
Polymorph
Definition
Can only change its structure one direction.
Term
Ferrous metals
Definition
Have 50% or more iron content
Term
Nonferrous metals
Definition
Have less than 50% iron content
Term
Polymer
Definition
Molecular-based materials formed with long chain-like carbon atoms.
Term
Plastic
Definition
Synthetic polymer
Term
Thermoset
Definition
A plastic that cannot be remelted and reformed after initial processing.
Term
Thermoplastic
Definition
A plastic that can be re-melted and re-processed.
Term
Ceramics
Definition
Can be either crystalline or non-crystalline. Hard, brittle compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements that have high melting temperatures and are chemically inert.
Term
Composites
Definition
Two or more constituent materials combined to produce a mixed material that is useful for specific applications. Consists of a reinforcing materials and a binder.
Term
Rein
Definition
Term
Nanotechnology
Definition
The assembling of materials one atom at a time.
Term
Nanomaterials
Definition
Avg size - less than 100 nanometers. Includes nanoparticles, nanoclusters, supramolecular structures, as well as nanocomposites.
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