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94
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/04/2013

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Term
problem space
Definition
mental representation of a particular problem
Term
initial states to goal states
Definition
beginning to end
Term
algorithm vs heuristic
Definition
procedure guaranteeing the goal state if followed correctly
ex. cooking recipe
vs
-cognitive shortcuts
judgmental rules known as knowledge structures that are learned and stored in memory
Term
operators
Definition
tools or actions that lead you from one state to another
Term
well defined vs ill defined problems
Definition
playing chess (clear goal)
vs
paint a beautiful picture (unclear goal)
Term
generate and test (trial and error)
Definition
-Trying a variety of solutions one at a time and eliminating those that do not work
-Its effectiveness depends on the range of possible solutions
Term
hill climbing
Definition
-Trying to always move closer to the goal state
-It may not work for problems that require temporarily moving away from the goal state
Term
means-end analysis
Definition
-Comparing the goal to the current state and choosing a step that maximally reduces the difference
-It often involves breaking up a problem into smaller problems and creating subgoals
-Demanding and often difficult to apply
Term
working backwards
Definition
-Analyzing the goal state to determine the last step needed to achieve it, then the next-to-last step, etc
-Highly effective for some problems
-does not work well with:
--Problems with many paths that can lead to the goal state
--Problems with many intervening steps
Term
inappropriate mental set
Definition
Tendency to keep using a non-optimal strategy based on previous successful experiences
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
Difficulty in seeing alternate uses for common objects
Term
incubation effect
Definition
The benefit of setting a problem aside for a while
(Evidence: Silveira’s (1971) study on the cheap necklace problem)
Term
incomplete or incorrect representation of the problem
Definition
cs
Representational problems sometimes stem from working memory limitations
-It is difficult to accurately represent all relevant pieces of information in working memory
Term
lack of domain-specific knowledge
Definition
general heuristics often need to be augmented by domain specific knowledge
ex chess
-experts’ knowledge is more systematic and better organized
Term
deductive vs inductive reasoning
Definition
Drawing a logically certain and specific conclusion from a set of general premises (general-->specific)
vs
Reaching a probable general conclusion, based on a set of specific facts (specific-->general)
Term
modus PONENS
Definition
P implies Q; P is asserted to be true, so therefore Q must be true

if you do this, this will happen
Term
modus TOLLENS
Definition
If the watch-dog detects an intruder, the dog will bark.
The dog did not bark
Therefore, no intruder was detected by the watch-dog

if you don't do this, this won't happen
Term
denial of the antecedent
Definition
premise leads to conclusion
invalid
inverse error
Term
affirmation of the consequent
Definition
converse error
Term
hypothesis testing
Definition
Term
confirmation vs disconfirmation
Definition
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
confirming beliefs, not challenging them
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
suicide notes, feedback
confirmation bias
Term
normative models
Definition
Term
utility
Definition
value of the factor to you
Term
expected utility theory
Definition
probability fo an outcome x utility of the outcome
calculating best utility, but often based off of nothing that has to do with utility (but potential gains or losses)
Term
multiattribute utility theory
Definition
Term
preference reversal
Definition
Term
framing effect
Definition
two things explained differently, but both have the same meaning
loss-risk seeking
gains-risk averse
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
A strategy based on how easily relevant examples can be retrieved from memory
Example: do most people die from homicide or diabetes?
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
the strategy of relying on resemblance when you really need probability
-usually efficient
ex. this applicant looks like the hard working secretary, they must be hard working
Term
small-smaple fallacy
Definition
An erroneous belief that small samples can be representative of the target population
(larger sample-->more accurate)
Term
gambler's fallacy
Definition
ex. coin toss.
homogeneity
representativeness vs probability
Term
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Definition
-One begins a first approximation (anchoring)
-And then makes adjustments on the bases of additional information (adjustment)
Term
satisficing
Definition
Term
bounded rationality
Definition
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
Term
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Definition
certain aspects of decision making
Term
Iowa Gambling task
Definition
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
new learning interferes with old
Term
proactive interference
Definition
old learning interferes new
Term
forgetting curve
Definition
forgetting is rapid initially
Term
distributed spaced learning
Definition
more effective than massed learning
Term
expanding retrieval practice
Definition
highly effective, steadily increasing teh time intervals between successive learning sessions
Term
levels of processing
Definition
Craik and lockhart
info retention depends on the kind of processing you do at encoding
Term
encoding specificity
Definition
the closer the batch between the encoding and retrieval contexts, the more successful the retrieval
state/mood dependent learning
if you know what the content will be
Term
encoding variability
Definition
encode info in various ways
if you don't know what the content will be
Term
SQ3R
Definition
survey
question
read
recite
review
Term
metamemory
Definition
awareness of our memory system
-feeling of knowing
-judgements of learning
-often inaccurate
absent info, delayed judgement of learning, high scores on exam
Term
pegword method
Definition
one bun
two shoe
Term
implementation intention
Definition
forming concrete if then intentions
more effective than goal intentions
Term
method of loci
Definition
driveway-grapefruit-grapefruit on driveway
Term
ventral pathway
Definition
where
-parietal lobe
-processing spatial info-location
Term
dorsal pathway
Definition
what
-temporal lobe
-processing visual info-shape, color
Term
split brain
Definition
cross motor
left-person
right-veggies
Term
visual system
Definition
rods
-periphery
-night vision
-colorless
cones
-center region
-day vision
-color RGB
Term
hemispheric specialization
Definition
left
-lang
-local mmmmm
right
--visuospatial processing
-global info (general) M
Term
recognition by common objects theory
Definition
each object can be decomposed into basic elements falled geons
Term
top down processing
Definition
additional info based on prior experiences and dkowledge
Term
word superiority effect
Definition
top down processing
Term
apperceptive agnosia
Definition
visual
can't discriminate objects or copy/match simple shapes
Term
associative agnosia
Definition
visual
can copy, can't recognize objects
Term
prosopagnosia
Definition
faces
cannot recognize them, even their own!
Term
analysis by parts
vs
holistic analysis
Definition
features, geons-word and object
vs
faces
Term
early
vs
late selection theories
Definition
only attended info is encoded, cocktail
vs
all info encoded
Term
visual selective attention
flexible spotlight
glue
Definition
movable, flexible

different features of an object are processed separately
Term
simple feature
vs
conjoint search
Definition
pop out effect

strong effect of distractor size
Term
divided attention
capacity theory
Definition
limited capacity
flexible, but smart, allocation of resources
Term
peripheral interference hypoth
or
attentional hypoth
Definition
physical constraints (holding phone)
or
diversion of attention win
Term
controlled
and
automatic processes
Definition
deliberate mental resources
unfamiliar tasks, new skills

minmal mental resources
familiar, skilled tasks
Term
stroop effect
Definition
red green blue
replace word color with different color
Term
declarative memory
Definition
explicit
LTM
Term
nondeclarative memory
Definition
classical conditioning
repetition, dancing playig piano
Term
procedural memory
Definition
tie shoe, skills
Term
semantic memory
Definition
are bananas edible, general knowledge
Term
episodic memory
Definition
flashbulb
Term
modal model
Definition
external info-sensory store-STM-LTM
selective attention maintenance rehearsal
Term
realease from proactive interference
Definition
Term
parallel searchserial exhaustive search
vs
serial self terminating search
Definition
self exhaustive
Term
baddeleys theory of working memory
Definition
WM is active system for complex cognition WM processing
multiple subsystems
phonological loop-speech
visuospatial-temp storage of visual and spatial info
Term
schemas
Definition
semantic memory
knowledge of objects what cats are like
Term
scripts
Definition
knowledge of sequence events that usually take place in airport
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
misleading postevent info
subtle word choices
Term
falshbulb
Definition
highly emotional
vivid and confident

frequent retelling or hearing
may not be accurate
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
permanent deficit of episodic memory, clive
still have STM, semantic, procedural memory, implicit memory
Term
explicit memory
recognition
Definition
LTM and retrieval consciously
Term
mental scanning and rotation
Definition
distortion, limitations
Term
implicit memory
tachistoscopic id
word fragment completion
Definition
LTM that can affect thought and behavior without conscious awareness
Term
visual perception and imagery share neural substrates
Definition
overlap but both have distinctiveness
Term
hierarchical structure
arbitrariness
predisposition for acquiring lang
Definition
morphemes, phonemes,
productivity-infinite seentences, displacement-time and space
humans are:bio/genetic factors
Term
critical period effect
Definition
lang acquistion occurs early in life for native level competence
syntax, phonology
musical ability
Term
brocas aphasia
wernickes
Definition
primary motor cortex
speech is slow and effortful, lacks function words and grammatical endings
understands what being asked, fail to put a sentence together

auditory area
speech is fluent, but nonsensical
severe comprehension problems
Term
Swinneys study on lexical ambiguity res
Definition
WORK VS WROK
priming
bread-butter faster
bread-nurse slower
both meanings get activated automatically
contextual info determines which meaning 750 ms
Term
linguistic determinism
linguistic relativity
Definition
form and characteristics -little support

different langs thing and percieve differently -some evidence
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