Term
An organism capable of causing disease.
now showing increase drug resistance; new dieseases are emerging (ones that were once thought harmless are causing diseases under certain circumstances |
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Definition
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The process involved in the development of a disease.
(how it make syou sick/ the way it makes you sick) |
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Definition
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Microorganism that lacks a cell nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. All bacteria are
no organelles- all bacteria is this |
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Definition
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| An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that is small and circular and replicates independently. It can be transferred to another cell. |
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Definition
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| Sections of the genome that include groups of genes coding for virulence factors that increase the pathogenicity of a microorganism |
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Definition
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Ingestion of materials into cells by means of vacuole formation.
can be used to defend against infection- but pathogens have found a way to defeat it |
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Definition
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The taking in of small molecules by invagination of the cell membrane.
to capture something |
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Definition
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| The major component of bacterial cell walls. |
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Definition
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| The space between the cell membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. |
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| The shrinking of a cell as a result of changes in the osmotic concentration resulting from loss of water in a hypertonic solution. |
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| An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that is small and circular and replicates independently. It can be transferred to another cell. |
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| A waxy substance found in the cell wall of certain bacteria, such as the genus Mycobacterium. |
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| The study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population. |
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| Part of the pathology seen when host defenses kill virally infected cells. |
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| Resident or transient microorganisms that do not ordinarily cause disease but can do so under certain circumstances. |
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| A process that uses naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms to transform harmful substances into less toxic or nontoxic compounds. |
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| An industry that uses molecular biology and microorganisms for specialized purposes, including genetic engineering |
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| A bacterium that uses oxygen for metabolism but shifts to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is no longer available. |
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| It involves the binding of a non-competitive inhibitor to a site on the enzyme molecule that causes a change in the shape of the active site and inhibits the binding of the substrate in the active site. |
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Definition
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An organic molecule bound to or associated with an enzyme.
ex: NAD and FAD |
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| microbiology affects every facet of life and is (everywhere) |
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Definition
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| study of small living things; microorganisms/ microbes |
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Definition
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many bacteria and some fungi are part of ___________:
-naturally colonize skin and mucosal surfaces
-most of the time harmless
some provide important product & svcs to the body |
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Definition
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majority of majority are nonpathogenic:
____________ (where you should be)
beneficial microorganisms
used in food production or bioremediation
part of food chain
necessary to maintain life om earth oxygen production (produce more oxygen than plants) |
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normal bacteria move t oa place in the body where they are not particulary found.
ex: E.coli in large intestines-part of normal flora__> if it travels throught the urethra, it becomes pathogenic, resulting in urinary tract infection |
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pathogens are classified by the ______________- they use:
air, food, water, insect vectors, person to person contact |
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governs survival and growth microorganisms;serves chemical processes living in organisms
used to obtain energy
linked to growth |
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Definition
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happens in 3 ways:
competative inhibition
alloseteric inhibition
feedback inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
| helper susbtrates that are non protein organic molecules |
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Definition
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| helper substrates that are non-protein organic molecules |
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Definition
glucose ------> 2 pyruvate
2 ATP produced |
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| 2 pyruvate --> 2 ACETYLCoA) 2 ATP produced |
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Definition
Acetyl CoA ---> (NADH & FADH2)
2 ATP |
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| Electron transport chain makes |
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Definition
NADH & FADH2 ---------> 32 ATP
36 ATP for every one molecule of glucose |
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Term
catabolic pathway used by most organisms
occurs in the cytoplasm (needs no O2)
4 ATP moleculs produced here
1st steps of pathway consumes 2 aTP
NAD becomes NADH |
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Definition
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Term
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 (36ATP + ENERGY) |
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Definition
| cellular respiration formula |
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Term
ACETYL COA CAN ENTER
series of redox reactions
h atoms are transferred to coenzyme carriers
H atoms are carried by NAD & FAD to ETC C is oxidized into CO2
electrons transferred to carriers
energy is captured and restored when ADP is converted to ATP |
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in eukaryotes found in the inner mitochondrial membrane
in prokaryotes organized int he plasma membrane
electrons trasferred to find electron receptor
energy and captured and restored |
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Definition
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Term
e- move from one molecule to another in chain and energy is released
** e- tranferred along ATC, protons pumped out- causes proton outside of cell to be higher than the cell, causing concentration gradient to form |
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Definition
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Term
enzymatic breakdown of carbs in which final e- acceptor is organic molecule
ATP synthesized by subtrate level phospharylation but not linked to ETC
yields 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule
diff microoraganisms use diff pathways
by products are usually acids or alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria: size shape arrange,arrangehment- most common |
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Definition
bacillus- rod shaped
coccus- circular shaped
spirilla- spiral shaped |
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Term
| bacteria (arrangement can be) |
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Definition
single: bacillus- coccus
diplo: bacillus - coccus
strepto: bacillus- coccus
staphylo: cocus only
tetrad: coccus only
)staphylococcus will never detach; will always detach towards each other- go w/ majority) |
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Definition
| to visulize bacteria must be stained: positive stains |
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Term
has organelles
people, animals, plants and some fungi |
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Definition
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Term
whats the difference
gram positive
gram negative
gram variable
gram nonreactive |
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Definition
what we use in the lab
lab
some look + and -
will not hold stain |
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Term
| stain using only one color (everything is that color) |
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Definition
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Term
| stain using more than one color (multiple colors each color tells you something about the bacteria) |
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Definition
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Term
takes advantage of cell walls of bacteria; and is divided into 4 groups: gram positive
gram negative
gram variable
gram nonreactive |
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Definition
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Term
| small tough dormant structure that can form in certain bacteria (heat is neede to make wall permeable to stain) |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria grown in aggregated ssemblies w/in their host |
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Definition
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Term
3 ways it operates w/ in cell
pinocytosis
phagocytoses
receptor-mediated _______ |
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| mono-, amphi-, lopho-, peritrichous flagellar configurations |
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| phases of growth- stationary |
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Definition
| phases of growth- decline |
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Definition
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Definition
| factors of growth- temperature |
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Definition
| factors of growth- moisture |
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Definition
| factors of growth- nutrient availability |
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Definition
| all of the philes (ex halophile, barophiles...) |
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consist of:
viruses, archaens, protozoa, bacteria, some algae, some fungi |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
potential of a pathogen to cause a disease
flu- low HIV- high |
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Definition
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Term
| only a small fraction of these cause infection |
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Definition
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Term
| only a fraction of _______ affect humans |
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Definition
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Term
epidemiology
pathogenesis
host defense |
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Definition
| pathogens in 3 perspectives |
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Term
are vital to care for infected individuals:
allows for implementation of strategy
helps understand spread of disease |
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Definition
| knowing how an organism gets in and out are |
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Term
caused by variety of factors\-pooor socioeconomic conditions
poor
ignorence of how infection occur
poor hygiene
natural disaters |
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Definition
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Term
required for pathogens to do the following (any physical factors of organisms):
persistence in patient
cause disease
escape or defeat host defenses |
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Definition
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Term
infection and complex competitive struggle:
pathogens vs. __________outcome depends on success or failure of host
failure of host defense = failure (sickness) |
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Definition
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Term
2 types:
innate and adaptive immune response |
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Definition
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Term
1st line of defense \
nonspecific response
involves a variety of cellular and chemical factors |
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Definition
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Term
lethal and specific
has memory
(vaccinations, antibodies, stuff u get from your mom) |
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Definition
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Term
some directly attack host defenses (HIV)
some change their look (camoflauge)
some hide where they cant be caught-like in the brain- too dangerous for the brain so it swell or try to fight off infection |
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Definition
| many pathogens have developed methods to defeat host defenses |
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Term
treatment of infectious diseases:
many potent and successful tools available in defeating infections |
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Definition
antibiotics
disinfectants
antiseptics |
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Term
| are toxic chemicals and therefore must act selectively- they must kill the disease not harm the patient |
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Definition
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Term
are intracellular parasites, so either:
has to be attacked before entry to host cell, or
inffected host cells must be killed to kill virus |
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Definition
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Term
disinfection water supply
monitoring food supply
proper waste water removal
insect/ pest control (vectors)
proper hygiene/ sanitation |
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Definition
| prevention in public health measure and communinty |
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Term
public health control of immunization of children
design/development of new vaccines
ability to ensure safety of vacines |
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Definition
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Term
are very benificial to humans:
recycle vital elements in soil
convert elements in environment into usuable form
return CO2 into the atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
microbes are used to :
recycle waste during sewage treatment
cleanup, decontaminate |
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Definition
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Term
growth of ________ can have direct effect on infectious diseases
carbon and energy required for growth |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon from inorganic substances (usually plants) |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon obtained from organic substances usually plants |
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Definition
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Term
| nearly all infectious organelles are this. obtain enrgy from breaking down other organic molecules and compunds (carbs and energy from what we eat) |
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Definition
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Term
molecules broken down into smaller ones to release energy
involes transfer & oxidation reduction reactions) |
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Definition
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Term
energy from catabolism used to build large organic molecules from smaller ones
(involes transfer & oxidation reduction reactions) |
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Definition
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Term
| metabolism that can use oxygen but can occur w/out it- as needed- can survive- survives by partaking between anaerobic and aerobic |
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Definition
| falcutative anaerobic resp |
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Term
A -> B-> C-> D -> E
initial final
subtrate end
product
(-> = enzymes)
each step is mediated of facilitated by a specific enzyme) |
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Definition
| metabolism occurs in 2 pathways |
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Term
| ____ enzymes always degrades proteins b/c it is the only rx w/ peptide bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| binding of competitor is reversible & dependent upon relitive #s of inhibitor molecules & substrate molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| can break hydrogen bonds and denature protiens/ can change shape of molecules in motion |
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Definition
factors that affectenzyme rx:
temperature |
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Term
| can break hydrogen bonds and change shape |
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Definition
factors that affectenzyme rx:
pH |
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Term
| of substrate, product, and enzyme - lower #'s of substrate product and enzyme molecules means lower level of activity |
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Definition
factors that affectenzyme rx:
concentration |
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Term
fuels enzyme inhibition
recycled molecule that phosphates are added & removed
phosphate bonds are high energy bonds that require energy to be made and release energy when broken
ADP -----------> ATP over and over |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 most important pathways by which most molecules release energy from nutrient molecules |
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Definition
glycolysis
prep step
kreb's cycle
electron transport chain |
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Term
| cellular respiration formula |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 602 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 (36ATP = ENERGY) |
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Term
| in aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is oxygen in anaerobic |
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Definition
| molecules like nitrates are the final electron receptor |
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Term
specific membrane. proteins allow proteins to enter
energy released as protons reenter the cell
energy used to bind phosphates to ADP making high energy molecule ATP
different proton in concentration in the process is called proton motion force |
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Definition
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Term
| classified as biosynthetic rx b/c they are used to synthesize all biological molecules needed by cells or living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
form network of pathways that produce components required by cell for growth and survival
both rx fueled by energy stored in high energy bonds in ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| procedure of gram staining |
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Definition
apply crystal violet stain rinse
add gram iodine (maordant- sets color & male permenant); drain rinse
decolorize w/ alcohol; wash immed w/ water
apply saffrin dry rinse blot |
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Term
| formation involes getting copy of genetic information w/ other important chemicals and elclosing the collection inside tough coating |
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Definition
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Term
bacteria that cab undergo ________ are diff to neutralize b/c endospores are extremely resistant to antieptics, disinfectants, antibiotic
they form bacteria in distress; lies dormant and organsims can return to endospore state to vegestative state thru germenation |
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Definition
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Term
bacteria that cab undergo sporalation are diff to neutralize b/c _______ are extremely resistant to antieptics, disinfectants, antibiotic
they form bacteria in distress; lies dormant and organsims can return to _____ state to vegestative state thru germenation |
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Definition
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Term
depend on:
ability to invade/ overcome host defense
ability to increase in #s
ability to identify transmission mechanisms to get new host " go for th and prosper |
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Definition
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Term
depend on having useful functioning defenses (skin)
suceptibility to infection (immune system/ vaccinations)
degree of comprimise found w/in host immune system (what your immune system will let go of if its working on something else HIV lupus etc) |
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Definition
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Term
can be transferred between cells
are extrachromosonal pieces of DNa
serve no purpose so they look for somehting to do caus ehteyre extra
they can carry drug resistance, how to create tumors
info not necessary for survival |
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Definition
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Term
| process of tranfer of plasmids |
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Definition
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Term
| based on population densities; process of organisms seeing their environement using speacial sensing proteins |
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Definition
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Term
w/ quorum sensing, certain __ only turn on when there are enough cells present
ex: enterotoxin production in salmonella |
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Definition
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Term
are clinically important because:
capture/ retain nutrients (allowing continued growth)
impede uptake of antibiotics/ disenfectants (kinda just sit on the surface- takes a while to penetrate bacteria) |
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Definition
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Term
can build up on medical devices (cause plaque to build up on teeth)
more harmful than helpful to us |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
viruses gain entrance by infecting a host cell that has a specific receptor located on the membrane
these viruses are normally found on the cell surfaces: respitory system very suseptible to influenza |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
is where individual viral particles are hosted and manifested |
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Definition
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Term
microfilaments, intermiadiate filaments, microtubules
(collectively known as) |
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Definition
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Term
| larger than micro, made up of keritans, provide additional strength, and involved with positioning cells alongside other tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| hollow tubes made up protein tubulin,largest of the 3, found in cilla and flagella seen on some eukary cells, involved w/ movement of other structures in cytoplasn, particular chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
uses ot like a subway- to move across cells or to other cells using already made attachmenrts in the cytoskeloton |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
involved infection strategy of pathegons in host defense
ciliated cells work w/ mucus secreting cells to remove foreign materials, such as, microorganisms, there by preventing stay in requirement of pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
shigella use dto move laterally between insterstial cells
also affects phagocytosis, vey important host defense mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
as in pertussis or diphtheria, pathogens attach to cilated cells initially
cough sneze response will go away of attacked, or be overactive- but unproductive |
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Definition
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Term
| eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection: \anchored in plasma membranse; uses complex sequence rx- this action moves flagellum amd permitts whip like motion seen in flagella found on euk cells |
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Definition
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Term
| in many viral infections, viral particles acquires part of the host ___________ as particles leave the infected host- this piece of membrane wraps around the host and is referred to as viral envelope which is important in infection of new host cells and in protection from host defense |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
not bound by membrane
involved in viral infection and taken over by virus
not involved directly by treatment process but have a role in treatment b/c bacterial ribosome is one of the targets attacked by certain antibioticcs- so invading bacturim can nolonger make proteins and dies
viruses hijack _________, then make new viruses |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
where ATP is made- more cells working, fewere resting w/ in
contian own ribosomes and DBA
ficture very similar to bacteria; similar mechanism of ATP production |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
moves synthesized material to golgi or directly to plasma membrane for transport out of the cell
site of synthesis of assembly of viruses
also assoc w/ adaptive immune response |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
modifying- packaging products from ER; renewing plasma membrane; prod lysosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| organisms responisble for destroying invading microorganisms and any other foreign material in cell - have pivitol role in phago cytosis |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
organelles composed of ring structures stacked together
fx in degradqation of proteins trigger adaptive immune response against pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
recycle any host-cell components that are no longer needed or fx properly
any ihibition of ___________al fx can be a lethal event
invading pathogens put a capsule on themselves (or hide from it) it then form a vesicle and fuses w/ its membrane and its enzyme destroys pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
RNA uses nuclear membrane pores to move cytoplasm
particularly important in viruss that contain DNA
viral DNA must enter host _____; then copies are made here, then moved into the cytoplasm to be used for construction of new virus molecules\in some cases becomes latent in host _________ |
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Definition
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Term
eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
many pathogens enter through formation of vesicles
method provide protection against host response
some pathogens bind to host cell receptors that triffer endocytosis: common in viruses |
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Definition
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