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| Seven Steps of the Scientific Method |
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1. Identify the problem
2. Form the Hypothesis
3. Design the Study
4. Perform the Study
5. Analyze the Data
6. Communicate the Results
7. Build the theory |
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| An organized set of concepts/schemas that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena |
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| A specific statement about the relationship between the variables to be tested |
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| The specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence |
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| Any factor that varies in amount of kind |
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| Accurate representation of the population |
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| Principle of Falsifiability |
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A scientific theory and a hypotheses must be written so as to be able to be disproved
The theory must predict not only what will happen, but also what will not happen. |
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Pro: more control and manipulation of variables
Con: not as realistic |
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| Field/Naturalistic pros and cons |
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Pro: able to generalize the results with other real world situations (more realistic)
Con: not as much control with variables |
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| Descriptive types of studies |
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Describes and establishes facts
(case studies, observational studies, surveys) |
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| The directions and/or strength of relationship between variables is measured. (Positive/Negative/Zero Correlation) |
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| Controlling all variables but the one that we're measuring |
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| Variable that is being manipulated in the experiment |
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| Portion of population used in study |
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| With equality as the goal, everyone has an equal change of being chosen or assigned |
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| Unintended changes in participants' behavior due to study design |
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Participants expect certain results, therefore either exaggerating results or refusing to confirm the results that they are expecting.
Or the Placebo Effect. |
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The subject doesn't know about the whole experiment
(animal studies are always single blind) |
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| The researcher doesn't know about the whole experiment |
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| How similar the experimenters rate their subjects |
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Data Summaries:
-Frequencies
-Central Tendency
-Dispersion |
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| Measures of Central Tendency |
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| Methods which calculate the probability that the sample's results accurately represent the population (IQ range of 68% of the population is between 85 and 115) |
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| Observed difference between two variables determined not due to chance |
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Respecting life while maximizing the benefit of research and minimizing the mental and physical discomfort to participants.
(Confidentiality/deception/consideration of vulnerable subjects) |
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Subjects are warned of any discomfort or tests that will be taken place
(personal questions/blood tests/embarrassment) |
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| After study, participants are told about what they took part in- including any deception. |
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| Naming and explaining behaviors/actions but not being able to modify them |
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| Participants who are told to have received something are given a placebo, but believe that they are reacting to what they believe they have been given. |
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| Assumption of Determinism |
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| The doctrine that all events- physical, behavioral, and mental- are "determined" by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable |
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| Observer/Experimenter Bias |
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| Error due knowledge of the study and assumption of results |
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| Variable that is being measured in the experiment |
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| Like Jane Goodall and the chimpanzees, learning through observation. |
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| series of questions for participant |
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| Reassign the previous random sample due to inequality |
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| A temporary change to behavior or performance in response to a change in the environmental conditions, with the response being typically an improvement |
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The goal is to have the same results repeatedly.
Example: Mouse's time in Barrnes Maze |
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| Inter-rater reliability- how similar experimenters rate their subjects |
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| The more alternative explanations in a study, the less confidence in the results and hypothesis |
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Range,variance, and standard deviation.
(how much they differ in the spectrum) |
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| Points vary around a pattern. Positive/Negative correlation in a scatterplot. |
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| Points don't follow a positive/negative correlation; rather a flow of ups and downs |
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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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| Ensures compliance with ethics principles. Makes sure that rights aren't being taken advantage of. |
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Describe
Explain
Predict
Control |
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determine causal factors
descriptive statistics |
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improve quality of life
assessment |
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