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| Four-man rule, as in the late Roman Empire, when four emperors shared power |
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| (c.274–337), Roman emperor 306–37 |
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| The Battle of the Milvian Bridge |
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| Constantine's crucial victory over his rival for the Roman Empire, Maxentius, in 312, won under the sign of the Christian cross, which paved the way for the Roman Empire to become Christianized |
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| symbol ☧, formed from the first two Greek letters of the word "Christ" (Greek: ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, or Χριστός) — Chi (χ) and Rho (ρ) |
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| A subterranean burial ground consisting of tunnels on different levels, having niches for urns |
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| A scroll containing the law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures (the Pentateuch) |
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| the chest containing the tablets of the laws of the ancient Israelites, which was kept in the Temple at Jerusalem |
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| any of three successive temples in Jerusalem that served as the primary center for Jewish worship |
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| the building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious observance and instruction |
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| a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman border city built on an escarpment ninety meters above the right bank of the Euphrates river |
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| a senior member of the Christian clergy, typically in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders |
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| the principal Christian church in a diocese, the bishop's administrative center and housing his throne (cathedra). |
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| The bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| the title of a most senior Orthodox or Catholic bishop, in particular |
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| a process whereby artists assimilate images and ideas from other traditions or cultures and give them new meanings |
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| the representation of a standing figure praying with outstretched and upraised arms |
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| any round ornament/decoration |
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| a semi-circular wall area, framed by an arch over a door or window |
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| A Hebrew minor prophet. He was called by God to preach in Nineveh, but disobeyed and attempted to escape by sea |
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| A title of Jesus, based on a passage in the Gospel of John, where he says, “I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep,” and “I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine.” The metaphor of God as a shepherd is also found in the Old Testament. The Twenty-third Psalm begins, “The Lord is my shepherd |
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| the vestibule or entrance porch of a church |
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| the open courtyard in front of a Christian church |
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| the arm of a cruciform church, perpendicular to the nave |
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| an underground room or vault beneath a church, used as a chapel or burial place |
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| Latin for 'hide stripped from an animal' |
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| a plump, naked little boy, often winged |
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| the reading of icons: identifying and studying the subject matter and conventional motifs/symbols in works of art |
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| iconography of the life of Jesus |
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| an image representing a sacred figure or event in the Byzantine, and later in the Orthodox church |
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| the concave triangular section of a vault that forms the transition between a square or polygonal space and the circular base of a dome |
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| an arch or lintel built across the upper corners of a square space, allowing a circular or polygonal dome to be more securely set above the walls |
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| the banning/destruction of images, especially icons/religious art |
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| in Jewish and Christian scripture, a book containing the psalms, or songs, attributed to King David |
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| the central space of a basilica, two or three stories high and usually flanked by aisles |
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| a large semicircular/polygonal (usually vaulted) niche protruding from the end of a church |
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| the passage (walkway) around the apse in a basilican church |
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| a partition screen in a Byzantine/Orthodox church between the sanctuary and the body of the church which displays icons |
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| an edifice used for communal Islamic worship |
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| a high platform or pulpit in a mosque |
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| a symbolic representation without images of human figures |
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| a type of linear surface decoration based on foliage and calligraphic forms, usually characterized by flowing lines and swirling shapes |
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| interlocking voussoirs in an arch/lintel, often of contrasting materials for colorful effect |
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| small niche-like components stacked in tiers to fill the transition between differing vertical and horizontal planes |
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| a tower on or near a mosque, varying extensively in form throughout the Islamic world, from which the faithful are called to prayer five times a day |
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| the mosque wall oriented toward Mecca indicated by the mihrab |
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| an arch of more than a half-circle |
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| An early angular form of the Arabic alphabet found chiefly in decorative inscriptions |
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| a room in a monastery for writing or copying manuscripts |
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| enamel work in which the different colors of glass are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing |
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| richly decorated first page of a book, especially a gospel |
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| a venerated object associated with a saint or martyr |
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| a container, often made of precious materials, used as a repository to protect and display sacred relics |
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| any of certain persons of exceptional holiness of life, formally recognized as such by the Christian Church, especially by canonization |
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| an ornament or design on an object copied from a form of the object when made from another material or by other techniques, as an imitation metal rivet mark found on handles of prehistoric pottery |
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| a fine animal skin prepared for writing and painting |
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| a writing surface made from treated skins of animals |
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| decorative knob-like elements that can be found in many places, such as at the intersection of a Gothic rib vault or the button-like projections of metalwork |
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| An open space within a monastery, surrounded by an arcaded/colonnaded walkway, often having a fountain and garden |
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| a technique of hammering metal from the back to create a protruding image |
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| four huge timbers that form the core of a church |
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| intended to ward off evil |
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| a molded band framing an arch/ a series of stone blocks that rest directly on the columns |
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| the vertical element found on both sides of an opening in a wall, and supporting an arch or lintel |
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| in Classical architecture, the vertical panel of the pediment |
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| light encircling/emanating from the entire figure of a sacred person |
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| a sculpted block that tops a column, which displays a figural composition of a narrative scene |
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| any Romanesque image of Mary seated on a throne and holding the Christ Child on her lap |
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| multicolored pictorial or decorative weaving meant to be hung on a wall or placed on furniture |
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| apostolic life: to live in poverty and constant prayer or service to God |
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| any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
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| a person who journeys, especially a long distance, to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion |
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| a journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion |
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| the political, military, and social system in the Middle Ages, based on the holding of lands in fief or fee and on the resulting relations between lord and vassal |
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| passage/open corridor of a church, hall or other building that parallels the main space, usually on both sides, and is delineated by a row or arcade of columns/piers |
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| the topmost zone of a wall with windows in a basilica, extending above the aisle roofs |
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| an elongated or continuous semicircular vault, shaped like a half cylinder |
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| extra masonry (ribs) demarcate the junctions of a groin vault |
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| a vault created by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size which creates four side compartments of identical size and shape |
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| an elevated place or structure, as a mound or platform, at which religious rites are performed or on which sacrifices are offered to gods, ancestors, etc. |
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| the part of a church occupied by the singers of the choir |
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| a series of arches, carried by columns/piers and supporting a common wall/lintel |
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| units of space defined by architectural elements such as columns, piers, and walls |
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| the architectural term given to a clustered column or pier which consists of a centre mass or newel, to which engaged or semi-detached shafts have been attached, in order to perform (or to suggest the performance of) certain definite structural objects, such as to carry arches of additional orders, or to support the transverse or diagonal ribs of a vault, or the tie-beam of an important roof. In these cases, though performing different functions, the drums of the pier are often cut out of one stone. There are, however, cases where the shafts are detached from the pier and coupled to it by armulets at regular heights, as in the Early English period |
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| a dining hall (as in a monastery or college) |
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| a residence hall providing rooms for individuals or for groups |
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| secondary/ contact relics |
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| a place of assembly for the members of a monastery, cathedral or collegiate church, for the discussion of business |
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| enabled the monks to reach the church from their dormitory |
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| an important room or building in a mediaeval monastery in Western Europe |
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| a canopy (whether suspended from the ceiling, projecting from a wall, or supported by columns) placed over an honorific/sacred place such as a throne or church altar |
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| an ornamental design made up of three rounded lobes placed adjacent to one another |
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| a four-lobed decorative pattern common in Gothic art and achitecture |
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| a subject in Christian art, especially popular in Italy in the 13th to 15th centuries, but continuing in popularity until the 18th century and beyond: Christ, sometimes accompanied by God the Father and the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, places a crown on the head of Mary as Queen of Heaven |
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| Rayonnant style, the middle period (c.1240-1350) of French Gothic architecture, so termed from the characteristic radiating tracery of the rose window |
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| latin for 'Suffering Christ' |
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| A vault formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults |
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| an arch with a pointed apex |
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| molten glass stained with color using metallic oxides |
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| stonework/woodwork applied to wall surfaces or filling the open space of windows |
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| stonework/woodwork applied to wall surfaces or filling the open space of windows |
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| A large circular window, usually glazed with stained glass, having stone tracery radiating from the center, often with intricate petallike patterns |
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| a comprehensive life stance that upholds human reason, ethics, and justice, and rejects supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition |
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| an association of men sharing the same interests, such as merchants or artisans: formed for mutual aid and protection and to maintain craft standards or pursue some other purpose such as communal worship |
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| single work of art, created by an apprentice, to prove mastery over the craft |
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| Italian term for a covered open air gallery |
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| a large public square in Italy |
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| Stacked elements: higher ones intended to be perceived as deeper in space |
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| a ground made from glue, gypsum, and/or chalk forming the ground of a wood panel or the priming layer of a canvas |
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| a painting medium made by blending egg yolks with water, pigments, and occasionally other materials, such as glue |
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a style of monochromatic painting in shades of grey
(can also be a painting made in this style) |
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| a device used in systems of spatial definition |
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| A scene presented on stage by costumed actors who remain silent and motionless as if in a picture |
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| a painting technique in which water based pigments are applied to a surface of wet plaster |
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| a painting technique in which water based pigments are applied to dry plaster, and the color may flake off |
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| the base of an altarpiece, often decorated with small scenes that are related in subject to that of the main panel or panels |
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| an openwork embroidery with patterns of holes formed by separating threads of the cloth and stitching them in place |
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| Italian word taken from the ancient city in Asia Minor, 'Sinope', that was famous for its red-brick pigment |
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| a stylized lily (in French, fleur means flower, and lis means lily) or iris that is used as a decorative design or symbol |
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| Latin for English work; fine embroidery, especially of church vestments, produced in England c.1200-1350 |
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| robes worn by religious leaders during church services |
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| A style of English Gothic architecture of the late 13th to mid-14th century, characterized by rich ornamentation and the use of ogees in arches and window tracery. |
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| in vault construction, a secondary rib that arcs from a springing point to the rib that runs lengthwise through the vault, called the ridge rib |
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| stylized leaves used as decoration along the outer angle of spires, pinnacles, gables, and around capitals in Gothic architecture |
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| stonework/woodwork applied to wall surfaces or filling the open space of windows |
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| Christian devotional images designed as aids for prayer or contemplation: The images "generally show holy figures extracted from a narrative context to form a highly focused, and often very emotionally powerful, vignette" |
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| term used for a technique in which the design is carved out of the surface of an object, such as an engraved seal stone |
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| metal instruments used in engraving to cut lines into the metal plate |
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| to produce multiple copies of an original work of art |
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| stitches applied on top of an already-woven fabric ground |
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| the story found above the side aisles of a church, usually open to and overlooking the nave |
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| the element of the interior elevation of a church, found directly below the clerestory and consisting of a series of arched openings |
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