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Kassin Chpater 7
Thought and Language
19
Psychology
Not Applicable
02/24/2005

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Cards

Term
Prototype
Definition
a 'typical' member of a category, one tt has the most defining featuers of tt category
Term
Image
Definition
A mental presentation of visual information
Term
Mental models
Definition
intuitive theories about the way things work
Term
Trial and Error
Definition
A problem solving strategy in which several solutions are attempted till a solution is found
Term
Concept
Definition
A mental grouping of persons, ideas, events, or objects tt share common properties
Term
4 Problem solving processes
Definition
1) Trial and error
2) Algorithms
3) Heuristics: means-end analysis and analogies
4) Insight
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A step by step, tried and true procedure that is guaranteed to produce a solution
Term
Insight
Definition
A form of problem solving in which the solution seems to pop to mind all of a sudden eg story of Sultan the chimp, with sticks and banana
Term
Representation of the problem
Definition
1) Mental images eg images in the mind's eye to relate/solve the problem
2) Mental Models eg 'water level task'
Term
Blind spots in problem solving
Definition
1) representation failures
2) Functional fixedness
3) Mental Sets
4) Confirmation bias
5) Belief perseverence
Term
Representation failures
Definition
nine-dot problem; instructions fail to mention possibilities tt will help open up solutions
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
Candle problem; the tendency to think of objects for their intended function only
Term
Mental Sets
Definition
Water Jar problem, playing hide and seek with kids, they always go back to the last place you hid first
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
tendency to look for evidence to verify our beliefs, not thinking about what is presented
Term
Belief Perseverence
Definition
tendency to cling to beliefs even after they have beem discredited
Term
Syllogism
Definition
A logical problem in which premises are given, and conclusions hae to be made on the basis that the premises are true
Term
Conditional reasoning
Definition
'if-then' statements ie on this condition, then...
Term
Biases in judgement
Definition
1) representativeness heuristic
2) Availability heuristic
3) Anchoring effects
4) Framing effects
5) Overconfidence
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event occuring by how typical it seems
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