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Kassin Chapter 8
Nature and nurture
39
Psychology
Not Applicable
03/20/2005

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Term
Genetics
Definition
The branch of biology that deals with mechanisms of heredity
Term
chromosomes
Definition
Rodlike structures found in all biological cells, tt contain DNA molecules in the form of genes
Term
Structure or the nucleus
Definition
contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
Term
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition
complex molecular strructure of a chromosome tt carries genetic info
Term
Genes
Definition
the biochemical units of heredity tt govern dvpt of an individual life
Term
4 DNA bases
Definition
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thiamine (T), Cytosine (C) compose DNA
Term
X and Y chromosomes
Definition
from mother- X chromosome
from father- either X or Y, defining gender of baby ie XX girl, XY boy
Term
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Definition
Goal: to sequence the human genome
Findings:
1)entire sequence made of abt 3 billion nucleotides (coiled chains of DNA)
2)chemical sequnce A T C G makes us identical as humans vs diff animals
Term
human genome
Definition
the genetic blueprint for making a complete human being
Term
Human Genome Diversity Project
Definition
Collected 1000 blood samples from 52 populations, found tt blood samples clustered acc to regions Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, Melanasia and Americas, indicating genetic diffs among racial grps (socially sensitive proposition)
Term
Genotype
Definition
the underlying DNA sequence tt an individual inherits eg bloodtype
Term
Phenotype
Definition
an organim's observable properties, physical and behavioral
Term
How genes affect behavior
Definition
Behavioral disposition: polygenic- influenced by many genes
Personality: combination of genes, prenatal and postnatal environnments
Term
Natural selection (in terms of genes)
Definition
Evolutionary process by which some genes in the population spread more than others causing species to change over time
Term
The process of natural selection
Definition
Throught adaptations: advantageous physical abd psychological traits that are inherited
Term
Mutations
Definition
Random gene copying errors that spark evolution by natural selection. Dawkins uses 'sculpt' rather than 'design' to describe evolution or natural selection when mutations occur
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
a subfield tt uses principles of evolution to understand human social behavior
Term
Fixed action patterns
Definition
Genetically programmed instincts eg the 6 new penguins in the San Fran Zoo circling in migratory season
Term
Inclusive fitness
Definition
notion tt organsim's genes are preserved not only through offspring but offspring of genetic relatives
Term
Hamilton's Kinship selection theory
Definition
tendency for organisms to preferentailly help others acc to own genetic relatedness
Term
Aggression and altruism
Definition
Tendency to aggresion or altruism depend on environment and 'upbringing' eg wolves in packs vs squirrel tt warns others of danger
Term
Reciprocal altruism
Definition
tnedency for organisms to help members of other species, who may later reciprocate eg Jessica Lynch in Iraq
Term
Nature-Nurture debate
Definition
Debate over the extent to which human behavior is determined by genetics and the environment
Term
2 ways to examine the relative contributions of nature and nurture
Definition
1) compare individuals who vary in genetic background but share common environments
2) compare individuals who share common genetic background but have different environments
Term
Family studies
Definition
studies tt estimate genetic influences through similarities of family members who vary in their degree of genetic relatedness
Term
Heritability
Definition
statistical estimate of percentage of variability of a trait within a grp tt is attributable to genetic factors
Term
Twin-study method
Definition
testing nature vs nurture through comparisons of twins, identical and fraternal, of the same sex
Term
Adoption studies
Definition
testing nature vs burture by comparing twins reared tgt and those reared apart (separated thru adoption)
Term
Behavioral Geneticists
Definition
take the systematic approach of searching for correlations to estimate heritability of traits in a population
Term
Minnesota Twin studies findings
Definition
1) when raised tgt, MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins
2) twins raised apart are almost as similar as those raised in the same faimly
Term
Genetic components to psychological disorders
Definition
ie alchoholism, depression, schizophrenia... people have a 'set point' levels of happiness in life
Term
Plomin's conclusion of pro-nature influences from twin studies
Definition
1)genetic differences account for less than 50% of personality, heritability estimates are higher in intellectual domains
2)children who grow up in the same home are usually remarkably different- shared and nonshared enviroment experiences
Term
Bioecological model of development by Ceci and Bronfenbrenner
Definition
Infants at birth are endowed with genetic dispositions, but these potentials will ultimately infulence them as adults only to the extent that life experiences foster rather than inhibit their expression
Term
How are men are women diferent?
Definition
1. Sexuality: attitudes and behavior
2. Physical aggression: in men, vs relationl aggresison in women
3. Cognitive abilities: math and visual-spatial tasks in men vs grammar, language and social sensitivity in women
Term
Why are men and women different?
Definition
1) Biological perspectives
2) Environmental perspectives
Term
Biological Perspectives
Definition
roles of testosterone and estrogen in prenatal development, sexual behavior and puberty, aggression and cognitive skills
Term
Environmental perspectives
Definition
Gender roles that are taught through social learning lead to formation of gender schemas and experience from the first day the baby is born
Term
Gender Schemas
Definition
a network of beliefs about men and women tt influence the way we perceive ourselves and others
Term
Gender roles
Definition
Sex-typed behaviors promoted by social learning
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