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| The branch of biology that deals with mechanisms of heredity |
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| Rodlike structures found in all biological cells, tt contain DNA molecules in the form of genes |
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| contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| complex molecular strructure of a chromosome tt carries genetic info |
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| the biochemical units of heredity tt govern dvpt of an individual life |
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| Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thiamine (T), Cytosine (C) compose DNA |
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from mother- X chromosome
from father- either X or Y, defining gender of baby ie XX girl, XY boy |
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| Human Genome Project (HGP) |
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Goal: to sequence the human genome
Findings:
1)entire sequence made of abt 3 billion nucleotides (coiled chains of DNA)
2)chemical sequnce A T C G makes us identical as humans vs diff animals |
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| the genetic blueprint for making a complete human being |
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| Human Genome Diversity Project |
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| Collected 1000 blood samples from 52 populations, found tt blood samples clustered acc to regions Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, Melanasia and Americas, indicating genetic diffs among racial grps (socially sensitive proposition) |
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| the underlying DNA sequence tt an individual inherits eg bloodtype |
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| an organim's observable properties, physical and behavioral |
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| How genes affect behavior |
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Behavioral disposition: polygenic- influenced by many genes
Personality: combination of genes, prenatal and postnatal environnments |
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| Natural selection (in terms of genes) |
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| Evolutionary process by which some genes in the population spread more than others causing species to change over time |
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| The process of natural selection |
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| Throught adaptations: advantageous physical abd psychological traits that are inherited |
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| Random gene copying errors that spark evolution by natural selection. Dawkins uses 'sculpt' rather than 'design' to describe evolution or natural selection when mutations occur |
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| a subfield tt uses principles of evolution to understand human social behavior |
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| Genetically programmed instincts eg the 6 new penguins in the San Fran Zoo circling in migratory season |
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| notion tt organsim's genes are preserved not only through offspring but offspring of genetic relatives |
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| Hamilton's Kinship selection theory |
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| tendency for organisms to preferentailly help others acc to own genetic relatedness |
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| Tendency to aggresion or altruism depend on environment and 'upbringing' eg wolves in packs vs squirrel tt warns others of danger |
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| tnedency for organisms to help members of other species, who may later reciprocate eg Jessica Lynch in Iraq |
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| Debate over the extent to which human behavior is determined by genetics and the environment |
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| 2 ways to examine the relative contributions of nature and nurture |
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1) compare individuals who vary in genetic background but share common environments
2) compare individuals who share common genetic background but have different environments |
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| studies tt estimate genetic influences through similarities of family members who vary in their degree of genetic relatedness |
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| statistical estimate of percentage of variability of a trait within a grp tt is attributable to genetic factors |
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| testing nature vs nurture through comparisons of twins, identical and fraternal, of the same sex |
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| testing nature vs burture by comparing twins reared tgt and those reared apart (separated thru adoption) |
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| take the systematic approach of searching for correlations to estimate heritability of traits in a population |
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| Minnesota Twin studies findings |
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1) when raised tgt, MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins
2) twins raised apart are almost as similar as those raised in the same faimly |
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| Genetic components to psychological disorders |
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| ie alchoholism, depression, schizophrenia... people have a 'set point' levels of happiness in life |
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| Plomin's conclusion of pro-nature influences from twin studies |
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1)genetic differences account for less than 50% of personality, heritability estimates are higher in intellectual domains
2)children who grow up in the same home are usually remarkably different- shared and nonshared enviroment experiences |
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| Bioecological model of development by Ceci and Bronfenbrenner |
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| Infants at birth are endowed with genetic dispositions, but these potentials will ultimately infulence them as adults only to the extent that life experiences foster rather than inhibit their expression |
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| How are men are women diferent? |
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1. Sexuality: attitudes and behavior
2. Physical aggression: in men, vs relationl aggresison in women
3. Cognitive abilities: math and visual-spatial tasks in men vs grammar, language and social sensitivity in women |
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| Why are men and women different? |
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1) Biological perspectives
2) Environmental perspectives |
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| roles of testosterone and estrogen in prenatal development, sexual behavior and puberty, aggression and cognitive skills |
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| Environmental perspectives |
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| Gender roles that are taught through social learning lead to formation of gender schemas and experience from the first day the baby is born |
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| a network of beliefs about men and women tt influence the way we perceive ourselves and others |
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| Sex-typed behaviors promoted by social learning |
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