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| An individual's distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives and behaviors |
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| 4 approaches to study personality |
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1) psychoanalysis
2)cognitive social-learning approach
3) humanistic approach
4) trait approach |
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| Frued's theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious |
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| The process by which emotions or affection for another person is put upon the therapist, eg. Anna O. and Breuer |
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| The therapeutic process for patients to be in a relaxed situation/position and talk freely about whatever comes to their mind |
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| The pattern Freud noticed in patients, that when on the brink of an insight as to what was disturbing them, they patient would stop, go blank or lose their train of thought |
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| In psychoanalysis, a primitive and unconscious part of personality that contains basic drives and operates according to the pleasure principle |
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| the id's boundless drive for immediate gratification |
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| In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that consists of one's moral ideals and conscience(ego-ideal and conscience) |
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| in psychoanalysis,the part of personality that operates according to the reality principle and mediates the conflict between the id and superego |
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| the ego's capacity to delay instant gratification |
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| Freud's stages of personality dvpt during which pleasure is derived from different parts of the body (oral, anal, phallic, long latency period, and genital) |
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| A tnedency for young children to become sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex and hostile toward the parent of the same sex |
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| A thendency to get locked in at early stages of psychosexual stages |
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| Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying and distorting reality |
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| A defence mechanism in whcih personality threatening thoughts, memories, and impusles are banned from awareness |
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| A primitive form of repression in which anxiety-filled external events are barred from awareness |
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| A defence mechanism in which people attribute or project their own unacceptable impulses onto others |
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| defence mech. in whcih one converts an unacceptable feeling into the opposite eg. taunting someone you like |
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| A defence mechanism tt involves making excuses for one's failures and shortcomings |
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| The chanelling of repressed sexual and aggressive urges into socially acceptable outlets eg. sports, art, dance |
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| Propsed by Jung, a kind of memory that stores info and experience over the course of evolution eg fear of snakes, attraction to wind, water, fire |
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| Psychoanalytic personality tests that allow pple to project their unconscious needs, wishes and conflicts ontp ambiguous stimuli |
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| A projective personality test in which pple are asked to report what they see in a set of inkblots |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| Projective personality test in which pple are asked to make up stories on a set of ambiguous pics |
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| 3 criticisms of psychoanalysis |
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1) its theory of personality paints too bleak and pessimistc a picture of the human personality
2)it does not meet accpetable standards of science
3) Freud's theories like the psychosexual stages have not stood the terst of time |
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| Cognitive Social-Learning Theory |
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| An approach to personality that focuses on social learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and the person-situation interaction |
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| the social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated |
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| Mischel's cognitive social-learning theory |
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1) competencies
2) encoding straetgies
3) expectancies
4) subjective values
5) self-regulatory systems |
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| Freud's structure of personality |
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| Conscious, Preconscious and unconscious (tip of iceberg analogy) |
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life: need for food, water, air and sex
death: looking at death as a way to escape, reduce all tensions to a calm, lifeless state |
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| ref to the expectancy thst one's reinforcements are generally cntrld by internal or external factors |
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| The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required for a desirable outcome |
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| 4 sources of self-efficacy |
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1) own past experience with success or failure
2) observation of similar others
3) words of encouragement
4) feelings of relaxation and calm |
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| the view that personality emerges from a mutal interaction of individuals, their actions and environments |
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| Approach to personality that focuses on self, subjective experience and capacity for fulfillment, Carl Rogers and abraham maslow |
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| 4 basic principles of humanistic theory |
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1) experiencing person is of primary interest
2) human choice, creativity and self actualization are topics of inverstigation
3) meaningfulness must precede objectivity in research
4) ultimate value is placed on dignity of person |
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| Unconditional Positive regard and conditional positive regard |
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Un: a situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from others is unqualified
conditioned: acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one's behavior |
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| specific beliefs we have about ourselves tt influence how we interpret self relevant info |
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| positive or negative eval of self |
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| in humanistic personality theories, the need to fulfill one's unique potential |
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| a fleeting but intense moment of self-actualization when pple feels happy, absorbed and extraordinarily capable |
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| Allport's approach to first describe and measure one's personality, then come to a conclusion. first things first |
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| a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way |
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| A model of personality tt consists of 5 basic traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness (ANACO) |
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Introvert: person who seeks stimulation and is sociable and impulsive
Extrovert: aviods stimulation and is low-key and cautious |
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