Term
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Definition
* 2nd largest potential source of freshwater (22%)
* accumulates by percolation through the soil
* how well it percolates is controlled by: |
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Term
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Definition
| he percentage of total volume of rock or soil that consists of pore space (spaces within a rock). Movement of water through soil. |
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Definition
| spaces between mineral grains, fractures, solution cavities and vesicles. |
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Definition
| capacity of a material to transmit fluids or how well fluids will move through it. |
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Term
| Permeability is controlled by |
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Definition
fluid's viscosity
hydrostatic pressure,
the size of openings
the degree to which the openings are interconnected |
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Term
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Definition
PERMEABLE layer
Has a permeability rate of less that .01 meter/day |
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Term
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Definition
above an IMPERMEABLE layer
Rate of less than .01 meter/day |
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Term
| 3 types of Impermeable layers |
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Definition
Aquitard
Aquiclude
Aquifuge |
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Term
| Hardest/ easiest layers to pass through |
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Definition
Aquifuge is the hardest for water to pass through
Aquitard is the easiest for water to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
| upper limit of the Zone of Saturation |
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Term
| The Zone of Saturation is what? |
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Definition
| Unconfined Aquifer (Permeable layer above, impermeable layer below) |
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Term
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Definition
Water can get through this easily
Soaks from the surface down through the ground into the aquifer |
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Term
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Definition
| Impermeable layer above and below and it is recharged in select places |
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Term
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Definition
| the are where the water is resupplied is restricted |
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Term
| Other features developed from groundwater dispersion |
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Definition
Artesian well
Spring
Stream
Thermal Springs
Geysers |
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Term
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Definition
| flow of water onto the surface under pressure from a confined aquifer |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface flow of water that emerges from underground, not under pressure fron an unconfined aquifer |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary or permanent surface flow of water in which the water table in a watercourse is above the surface |
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Term
| Thermal Springs & Geysers |
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Definition
| Water is heated to high temperatures and is usually associated with recent volcanic activity |
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Term
| An example of Ground water |
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Definition
| water that soaks into the ground and collects there; it may eventually seep into lakes underground, but it usually collects in reservoirs called aquifers |
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Term
| Ground water accounts for |
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Definition
22% of freshwater on earth
*2nd largest potential source of freshwater |
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Term
| Ground water accumulates through |
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Definition
| PERCOLATION through the soil |
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Term
| How well ground water percolates is controlled by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if ground water is removed in large quantities, surface may react by sinking to fill the new space |
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Term
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Definition
| type of landscape associated with the chemical erosion of soluble limestone or dolomite |
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Term
| What creates a karst topography |
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Definition
| The dissolution of limestone by the weathering process of carbonation |
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Term
| Water is a key ingredient meaning |
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Definition
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| Carbonation may occur.... |
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Definition
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| Other rocks that may form karsts |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic process of carbonation |
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Definition
| involves the reaction of carbonic acid with minerals |
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Term
| What are the basic steps that help to create Carbonation? |
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Definition
1. Water combines with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid (CO2+H2O = H2CO3)
2. Carbonic acid dissociates readily into its ionic state (CO2 [dissolved] + H2OHplus + HCO3
3. Calcate dissociates into its ionic state (CaCO3 Ca (plus twice)+CO3)
4. Hydrogen atom from equation two combines with the carbonate ion to form another carbonate. (CO3+H plus = HCO3)
5. The net process can be showed as CaCO3 + CO2 (dissolved) +H2O <---> Catt + 2HCO3 |
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Term
| What affects the carbonation process |
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Definition
The amount of CO2 in the water (affects strength of carbonic acid)
The strength of carbonic acid then affects the rate of dissolution
More CO2 = stronger acid = more dissolved limestone |
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Term
| What can affect the rate of carbonation? |
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Definition
Temperature
Mixing effect
Flow-rate
Climate
Can all affect the rate of carbonation and how effectively it creates karst |
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Term
| Temperature affects carbonation because |
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Definition
| Colder water can hold more CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| more vegitation, so there is more CO2 in the soil |
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Term
| There are not many karst in cold areas because.... |
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Definition
| there is less vegetation in colder areas, meaning there is less CO2 in soil |
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Term
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Definition
when the water of differing solution strengths mix
*yield a new unsaturated solution, so more Ca+2 ions can dissolve into water |
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Term
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Definition
| States that slow moving or still water will reach saturation sooner than faster-moving water |
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Term
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Definition
| LITTLE KARST development because there is little rainfall and vegetation, resulting in little CO2 in soil |
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Term
| MID-LATITUDE, areas that are COOL AND HUMID yield |
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Definition
| WELL-DEVELOPED KARST because there is abundant rainfall, resulting in rich vegetation. Higher amount of CO2 in soil |
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Term
| ARID & SEMI-ARID regions yield |
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Definition
| LITTLE KARST because of the lack of water; low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates |
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Term
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Definition
| yield well developed Karst - abundant rainfall & vegatation (high levels of CO2 in soil); high rate of chemical reactions |
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Term
| Key factor in karst development |
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Definition
| CO2 which comes from soil |
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Definition
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| Increase soil temperature means |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
There are different categories/ classifications
ex: Temperate Karst, tropical karst, caribbean karst |
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Term
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Definition
Doline Karst
Cockpit Karst
Cone and Tower Karst
Fluviokarst |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, unusually shallow closed depression created by the removal of material from below the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually circular to oval-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| S Indiana, Central Kentucky and Florida, North Florida |
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Term
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Definition
| Mammoth Cave (areas of numerous dolines or sinkholes |
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Term
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Definition
Solution
Collapse
Suffusion
subsidence |
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Term
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Definition
| Range in size from 10-100 meters wide and 2-100 meters deep |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more dolines which have coalesced into one |
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Term
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Definition
| area of depression surrounded by 5 towers of cones, forming a star-shaped pattern |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to cockpit, but with steeper-sided towers, smaller depressions, and usually not star-shaped |
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Term
| Cone and Tower Karst (location) |
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Definition
| Belize, Cuba, *South mainland China*, and Indonesia |
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Term
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Definition
| landscape of deranged drainage, blind valleys, large springs, or most any running water system in limestone formation areas |
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Definition
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Definition
| large, flat floored closed depresssion often filled with alluviam floords & susceptible to flooding |
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Definition
| found in former Croatia & adjacent counries |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-5 km wide & up to 60km long |
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Term
| How does water flow on Polje Floor? |
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Definition
| water flows across the polje floor & and into swallow hole or ponor (cave opening) |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural opening in the Earth large enough to admit a human being, usually with an elongate cavity produced by solution, aided by mechanical erosion of subterranean flowing water. |
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Term
| Identify the features of a cave. |
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Definition
1. Speleothems
2. Stalagmite
3. Stalactite
4. Column
5. Tufa |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary chemical crystallization (depositional features) of caves; the general term for all cave formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depositional feature which builds-up from the floor |
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Term
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Definition
| a depositional feature which grows downward from the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
| it reaches from the floor to the ceiling; may be a stalagmite and stalactite that have joined or one of the other which has grown from one side to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Precipitate which forms along a wall, on rocks, and other surfaces |
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Term
| Where can doline karps be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What creates karst landscapes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What karst landscape can be found in the Stone Forest of China? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are spideotherms formed? |
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Definition
| crystallization by deposition |
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Term
| What is the key feature of polgae karsts? |
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Definition
| a ponar (or swallow hole) |
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Term
| Where can polgae karsts be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the differences between a stalagmite and a stalactite. |
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Definition
| Stalagmite is a depositional feature that builds up from the floor, stalactite is a depositional feature that grows downward from the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hole formed in soluble rock by the action of water, serving to conduct surface water to an underground passage |
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