Term
What are the basic steps that help to create Carbonation? |
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Definition
- Water combines with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid (CO2+H2O = H2CO3)
- Carbonic acid dissociates readily into its ionic state (CO2 [dissolved] + H2OHplus + HCO3
- Calcate dissociates into its ionic state (CaCO3 Ca (plus twice)+CO3)
- Hydrogen atom from equation two combines with the carbonate ion to form another carbonate. (CO3+H plus = HCO3)
- The net process can be showed as CaCO3 + CO2 (dissolved) +H2O <---> Catt + 2HCO3
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Term
Describe the flow - rate effect. |
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Definition
| Slow moving or still water will reach saturation sooner than faster moving water. |
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Term
With regards to flow - rate effect, what happens in mid-latitude, cool, humid areas? |
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Definition
Well developed karst, abundant rainfall and vegetation |
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Term
What is the key factor that helps determine the flow - rate effect? |
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Definition
The amount of CO2 in the water |
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Term
What is the main source of CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
What affects the process of Carbonation, and how? |
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Definition
- The amount of CO2 in water - affects the strength of the carbonic acid, which affects the rate of dissolution. More CO2 means stronger acid, which means more dissolved limestone.
- Temperature - colder water can hold more H2O
- Mixing effect - When water of differing solution strengths mix they yield a solution that is unsaturated, so more Ca+2 ions can dissolve in the water.
- Flow - rate effect - slow moving or stillwater will reach saturation sooner than faster moving water.
- Climate controls - cold regions have little karst development; space rainfall and vegetation
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Term
Identify the surface karst landscapes. |
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Definition
- Doline Karst
- Cockpit Karst
- Cone and Tower Karst
- Fluviokarst
- Polje Karst
- Labyrinth Karst
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Term
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Definition
Areas of numerous dolines or sinkholes |
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Term
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Definition
small, unusually shallow, circular to oval-shaped, closed depression created by removal of material from below the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
two or more dolines which have coalesced into one. |
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Term
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Definition
area of depressions surrounded by 5 towers or cones, forming a star-shaped pattern. |
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Term
Where can a cockpit karst be found? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a cone and tower karst? |
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Definition
similar to cockpit karst but with steeper-sided towers, smaller depressions, and usually not star-shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
a landscape of deranged drainage, blind valleys, large springs or most any running water.Most likely to be in limestone formation areas. |
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Term
Where can cone and tower karsts be found? |
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Definition
Belize, Cuba, South Mainland China, Indonesia |
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Term
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Definition
large, flat-floored closed depression often filled with alluvium floors and susceptible to flooding. |
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Term
Where can fluviokarsts be found? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a Labyrinth karst? |
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Definition
Intersecting solution corridors and canyons. |
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Term
Where can a labyrinth karst be found? |
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Definition
Nahanni River Basin in the north-west territories of Canada. |
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Term
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Definition
a natural opening in the Earth large enough to admit a human being, usually with an elongate cavity produced by solution, aided by mechanical erosion of subterranean flowing water. |
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Term
Identify the features of a cave. |
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Definition
- Speleothems
- Stalagmite
- Stalactite
- Column
- Tufa
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Term
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Definition
secondary chemical crystallization (depositional features) of caves; the general term for all cave formation. |
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Term
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Definition
Depositional feature which builds-up from the floor |
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Term
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Definition
a depositional feature which grows downward from the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
it reaches from the floor to the ceiling; may be a stalagmite and stalactite that have joined or one of the other which has grown from one side to another. |
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Term
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Definition
Precipitate which forms along a wall, on rocks, and other surfaces |
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Term
Where can doline karps be found? |
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Definition
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Term
What creates karst landscapes? |
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Definition
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Term
What karst landscape can be found in the Stone Forest of China? |
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Definition
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Term
How are spideotherms formed? |
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Definition
crystallization by deposition |
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Term
What is the key feature of polgae karsts? |
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Definition
a ponar (or swallow hole) |
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Term
Where can polgae karsts be found? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the differences between a stalagmite and a stalactite. |
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Definition
| Stalagmite is a depositional feature that builds up from the floor, stalactite is a depositional feature that grows downward from the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
a hole formed in soluble rock by the action of water, serving to conduct surface water to an underground passage |
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